资深央行记者:美联储降息的理由日益增多

华尔街见闻Published on 2025-06-13Last updated on 2025-06-13

Abstract

华尔街日报资深央行记者Greg Ip表示,关税对通胀影响并未如预期般显著,劳动力市场却出现裂痕,这增强了美联储降息的理由。Ip认为,尽管美联储下周会议不必立即行动,但政策制定者需要在前瞻指引和表态中承认风险正在转移。

在特朗普频繁向美联储施压降息之际,美国最新经济数据显示,通胀压力比预期缓和,而劳动力市场却可能正在恶化。华尔街日报资深央行记者认为,这些因素共同增强了美联储降息的理由。

据华尔街见闻此前文章,周四,特朗普再次加大对美联储的施压力度,其措辞之激烈前所未见。他直接称鲍威尔为"笨蛋",并抛出了一个的数字:降息两个百分点每年可为美国节省6000亿美元利息支出。

同一天,华尔街日报资深央行记者Greg Ip在最新文章中提出,尽管特朗普政府实施的关税政策给美联储带来了两难局面,但最新经济数据显示,关税对通胀影响并未如预期般显著,劳动力市场却出现裂痕,这意味着美联储面临的风险天平将发生微妙但关键的转向——从担忧通胀抬头,转向关注经济需求疲软。

Ip认为,尽管美联储下周会议不必立即行动,但政策制定者需要在前瞻指引和表态中承认风险正在转移。目前利率水平仍比美联储官员认为的"中性"水平高出0.5-1.5个百分点,这种限制性立场只有在通胀是唯一担忧时才合理。

关税并未推高通胀

Ip在文章中称,最新数据显示了一个令人困惑的现象:5月份美国财政部征收的关税收入比2月份增加约150亿美元,相当于商品消费总支出的3%,但消费者价格并未相应上涨。更令人意外的是,服装和新车等明显的关税目标商品价格在5月份实际下降。

这引发了一个关键问题:如果消费者没有承担关税成本,那么谁在买单?数据表明不是外国生产商——4月份不含燃料的进口价格仍在上涨。据周四发布的生产者价格报告,零售商和批发商的利润率在4月份受到冲击,但5月份已经反弹,显然也不是他们在吸收成本。

Ip表示,也许数据未能捕捉到企业应对关税的一些方式,比如保持价格稳定但提高运费。无论如何,供应链的韧性远超几年前的水平,这应该让美联储感到安慰。

Ip写道,虽然经济学家认为关税效应将在未来几个月变得更加明显,但这本身不足以成为美联储保持观望的理由。关税只是对价格水平的一次性推动,这意味着一年后通胀应该回归关税前的趋势。关键问题是关税是否会推高这一趋势。

好消息是,服务业通胀出现了积极变化。Ip援引独立预测专家Omair Sharif表示:"我们在住房成本方面的很多预期都已经实现。"住房成本一直是阻碍通胀回归美联储2%目标的顽固因素,但这一状况正在改变。

数据显示,美国剔除能源的服务业通胀率从12月份的4.5%降至5月份的3.5%,这进而推动核心通胀率(剔除食品和能源)在过去三个月达到四年低点2.8%。根据美联储偏好的个人消费支出价格指数,通胀率也接近疫情以来的最低水平,5月份可能在2.5%至2.6%之间,过去三个月的年化增长率约为1.3%。

Ip认为,如果没有关税因素,美联储可能在年底前宣布任务完成。

就业市场显露脆弱性

Ip表示,基础趋势表明美联储应该放松政策:

现在假设关税确实在未来几个月推高核心通胀,要让其推高基础趋势关键取决于就业市场状况。疫情期间的通胀之所以如此持久,是因为当时工人极度稀缺,需求强劲,而人们因疫情或退休离开劳动力市场。工资通胀从疫情前的3.5%飙升至7%。

Ip特别强调,今天的就业市场并不紧张,而是显现裂痕。他指出,失业率自1月份以来每月都在上升,总共上升了0.25个百分点。按这种速度,第四季度将达到4.6%。这表明经济增长略低于潜在水平,应该会抑制价格和工资压力。

几个月来,美国招聘和裁员都处于低位,使失业率保持在较低水平。但新的失业保险申请在过去两周跃升,暗示裁员——除联邦政府外——正在增加。

虽然5月份新增就业岗位13.9万个看似健康,但Ip警告这可能是"虚假信号"。从1月到4月,劳工统计局最初报告的强劲就业增长数据后来都被大幅下调。RBC资本市场指出,这种连续负向修正在经济衰退前夕很常见。

在文章结尾处,Ip指出,尽管不像去年9月那样失衡,但目前利率仍比美联储认为的"中性"水平高出0.5至1.5个百分点:

"只要通胀是美联储唯一需要担心的问题,这种紧缩立场是有意义的。但现在情况已经不是这样了”。

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