作为货币的密码学资产

btcstudyPublished on 2025-04-10Last updated on 2025-06-09

作者:John Pfeffer

来源:https://hostingfilesonline.co.uk/An%20Investor's%20Take%20on%20Cryptoassets%20v6.pdf

本文为作者在 2017 年出版的文章《An Investor’s Take on Cryptoassets (v6)》(“一位投资者对密码资产的看法”)的节选。节选部分出现在原文链接所附带的 PDF 文件第 12 ~ 21 页。

作为货币的密码资产

“货币” 是一种具有三种子功能的债务账本(debt ledger):

  1. 价值储存
  2. 支付媒介
  3. 记账单位

相对于现有形式的货币,密码货币的长处:(a)在价值存储功能上表现得最明显、最强;(b)比部分支付媒介要好,但还远远称不上强于所有对手;(c)在作为记账单位时,视所服务的目的而有所区别。

在充当储存价值的货币时,密码货币显著优于(仅举一例)黄金。(我不会列举所有原因,因为这是非常直观的,而且这方面的论述已经很丰富了。)作为支付媒介时,在特定例子(比如跨国支付)中,可以胜过现有的技术,但 Visa、Apple Pay、Google Pay、PayPal 和法币,在绝大部分每日支付中,都非常流畅而且胜过密码货币。作为记账单位,一种非主权密码货币在国际贸易、全球商品市场、外汇储备、乃至本币不稳定的司法辖区,都可以非常有用。

在解决如何为一种密码货币的支付能力和价值储存能力估值的问题之前,我要先来分析支付与价值存储功能之间的关系。许多观察者潜在假定两者的关系是非常紧密的,但现实会更复杂一些。

首先,我们要区分存储价值的货币与一般的(run-of-the-mill)资产。储存价值的货币的特点是,其价格与其在其它用途下的效用是解耦的,跟 制作/提取 和储存它的成本也没有关系。一屋子的商品、一匝铜和一桶汽油,都是资产,也都有价格(取决于市场的均衡点,就是这样东西的边际效用等于其边际 制造/提取 成本,也即 MR = MC 的那个点)。这些资产的库存会出现在一家公司的资产负债表上,但公司们都会尽可能降低开展业务所需准备的库存,因为库存也有开销。他们不会通过积累存货来存储自己的经营留存收益。相反,黄金,就是一种存储价值的货币。它的价格跟提取和储存它的成本(所形成的均衡)也没有关系。虽然我们有时候会拿黄金做成珠宝(这是一种向其他社会成员展示我们的财富的古老方法),而且我们也会使用少量黄金来制作电器产品和用于其它工业用途,但我们依然会保存大量以惰性金属块形式存在的黄金,作为一种储蓄 —— 存储价值的仓库 —— 而完全不想把它们用在其它用途中。因此,相比于其提取和仓储成本,黄金是贵得没有道理的。它的价格完全是主观的。

再来看看我们今天用于支付的东西跟用于存储价值的货币有什么区别【21】:

  • 支付媒介:Visa(信用卡和借记卡)、SWIFT、PayPal、Apple Pay、Google Pay、Western Union、现钞(physical cash)
  • 存储价值的货币:黄金、定期存款和活期存款、现钞

原文脚注 21:注意,我在这里排除了预付借记卡、礼品卡、预付电话卡和航空里程,因为它们跟金融系统的关系没有那么密切。在使用它们的时候,它们可以用作支付,也可以当作一种资产,但人们实际上是把它们当作经营性资产(有账面成本的固定资产负债表资产),而不是一种储蓄;所以,如果实在要给个分类,它们也更接近于支付手段,而不是存储价值的货币。

有趣的地方在哪儿呢?在于只有一个东西同时出现在了上述两个分类中:现钞。不过,虽然现炒既是支付手段又是存储价值的货币,人们一般来说也只会放自己马上要用到的数量在钱包中、需要时再从储蓄账户中取钱。除了零售商之外,公司一般也不会持有现钞,或持有数量非常少的现钞(反而将大部分的运营资金放在银行储蓄账户、商业票据和国债券中,等等)。对于零售商来说,抽屉中的现钞也不被当成(存储价值的)货币,而是作为一种运营资金。银行存款是一种价值存储的货币,但不是支付工具,也不是现金;相反,存款是运行在部分准备金制度上的机构的合同负债。在你需要支付的时候,你可以将存款(价值存储)转化为现钞(支付工具),然后给付现钞;或者,你可以使用 Visa,后者可以在事后得到你所在地的银行间支付网络(支付工具)的支付,整个过程需要变更你、Visa 和商家三方的储蓄账户的账本条目。信用卡显然不是价值存储。SWIFT 是一个支付媒介,但不存储任何价值。另一方面,黄金只是一种存储价值的货币,但不是 支付工具。没有公司会用黄金来记账,零售商也不会用黄金(盎司)来给自己店里的商品计价。但这不会阻碍有人把黄金当成一种价值存储。

现实是,支付手段和价值存储一般来说都是分离的,而不是相互结合的。上面分析意在表明,大量的支付工具并不表现出价值存储特性。假设人们习惯于持有用于支付的东西,是过于简化了,人们一般都是在尽可能贴近支付的时刻将尽可能少的价值存储转化为支付媒介。

有大量的证据表明经济行为人对支付媒介和价值存储货币的选择是相互独立的,基础是这些 “东西” 作为支付媒介或价值存储的内在功能指标和负面特性。密码资产是一个有趣的特例,在于,其技术相比于现有的用作价值存储的货币形式具有潜在的优势,相比部分支付媒介也是如此,所以某一种密码资产可能在两个赛道上都会成功。(而反对论点是,因为在两种密码货币间转化可能是实质无摩擦的,所以支付功能和价值存储功能可能更容易分离开来;与现在的货币形式一样,人们会按需转换。)

在这里,一种有用的思维实验是,想象有相互竞争的密码货币,它们在以下五种货币关键特性上的相对效用分数如下:

效用评分(10 为最高,1 为最低)货币 A货币 B货币 C
稀缺性1027
耐久性1037
传输便利性6107
可分割性6107
采用便利性3107
总分353535

尘埃落定的时候,哪种密码货币会胜出?哪一种会成为主流的支付媒介、哪一种会成为主流的价值存储货币?货币 C 会一统江湖吗?【22】或者,货币 A 会成为主流的价值存储货币、货币 B 会成为主要的支付媒介、人们会在按需将 A 换成 B ?许多答案取决于创造这些在五种维度上得分或高或低的密码资产的技术和政治取舍,但我个人倾向于认为,专业化加上协议互操作性,是更有可能出现的结果(不是某种货币一统江湖)。

原文脚注 22:密码资产世界中的勺叉?勺叉是勺子和叉子的混合形态,没有人喜欢用它,因为它既不能像叉子那样用来叉东西,又不能像勺子那样用来舀汤。这是一则富有洞见的幽默,来自:https://medium.com/@hamptonfischer/bitcoin-cash-a-spork-7f9f6230a57

又或者,这是叉勺?我离题了哈。

如果轻视支付功能作为一种主流价值存储货币的必要特性,那又走得太远了(虽然黄金的确不具有支付功能)。一种有志于成为主要价值存储货币的密码资产,应该审慎地追求获得合理的支付能力(可分隔性、同质性、采用便利性);越强越好,只要不牺牲其价值存储能力(稀缺性和耐久性)。差劲的(或者完全没有)支付功能,可能会影响一种密码货币被采用为价值存储货币的能力,所以它还是一种重要属性。但这些分析的核心观念是,认为一种具有最强价值存储能力、同时具备良好(但并非最强)支付能力的密码资产很有可能会胜出(作为一种主要的价值存储)。对一种用作价值存储货币的密码资产来说,支付能力是锦上添花,而不是压倒一切的条件。

进一步的推论是,一项密码资产具有很强的支付能力,并不意味着它会自动成为一种价值存储。回顾一下,在上面的例子列举中,只有一种支付工具同时也是一种价值存储,那就是现钞。如果有一种密码资产像 Ripple 一样在支付上表现更好(交易手续费更低,也有更多银行支持),但在作为价值储存的时候弱于比特币(因为其中心化的治理和供给量的不确定性),那么它不太可能作为一种价值存储而胜出。而且,仅仅因为一些用户在特定用途中使用某些有用的密码资产(比如 ETH),并不意味着这些用户将它们视为一种储存价值的货币、会持有它们作为一种储蓄,用户依然更可能将它们视作一种经营性资产、在自己的资产负债表上越少越少(仅仅在需要的时候才购买一些 ETH)。

上面这些分析,在评估密码资产作为货币的潜在价值的时候,到底有什么用呢?首先,你应该把支付功能的估值和价值存储货币的估值当成两个独立而互补的事。然后,你应该考虑自己要评估的密码资产在支付和价值存储两个维度上与相互竞争的密码资产的相对优势,以确定一个维度上的极端弱势不会导致另一个维度上的弱势;你不应该单纯假设两者是密不可分的。一种假想中最后会同时成为价值存储货币和支付媒介的密码资产的网络价值,可以在合并分析(sum-of-parts)的基础上得出,即:总网络价值 = 价值存储货币的估值 + 支付媒介的估值。

你问我觉得终局会是什么样?一种非常可能的情形是,你最终会得到一个由非主权密码货币、主权电子货币、链下/layer-2 支付解决方案和不断进步的中心化支付系统(例如 Visa、PayPal、Apple/Google Pay)的混合市场,它们互相在支付上竞争(每一种都在特定类型的支付中有长有短),同时,出现单一一种非主权的价值存储货币,扮演黄金在今天的角色。这种价值存储货币也可以替代大量的外汇储备,并且有可能成为国际贸易和商品的记账单位。

有可能,支付将依然是一个碎片化的市场,主权电子货币、链下(不论有无抗审查性)支付解决方案和中心化的支付系统将成功获得全球支付量的绝大部分,其中大部分支付是小额的、国内的、日常的,所以速度和成本会比抗审查性更加重要。在这种情形下,非主权的、抗审查的、去中心化的支付协议可能最终会成为一种小众产品,用于跨国支付、本地主权货币失败的市场、抗审查性有重要意义的支付(资本管制、制裁、政治镇压、非法活动)。我可以想象,主权国家会出台偏向在国内支付中使用主权电子货币的管制,从而帮助他们保持对本国货币政策和税收的控制。但值得指出的是,虽然主权电子货币可能会战胜面向支付的非主权密码货币(从支付体量上),它们可能也会协助一种非主权的价值存储货币的出现,因为主权电子货币会帮助消除当前法币和密码货币兑换中涉及到的摩擦和 场内-场外 银行问题。

想要预见未来会发生什么,就要知道,价值存储功能可能比支付功能要重要得多。因此,如果一种价值存储密码货币也能胜任支付媒介,那只会增加少许额外的价值。对我们(投资者)来说,价值存储功能重要得多。

支付

根据本论文开篇的广泛观察,一种支付媒介,如果抛开其价值存储功能,不过是另一种应用协议(utility protocol),其 token 的价值无法与用于维护该支付区块链的计算机资源解耦,也即前文说的 M = P·Q/V(译者注:作者在论文开篇以 M = PQ/V 为应用协议的 token 估值,其中 M 是流通中的 token 的总价值,P·Q 代表维护网络的计算机资源的价值,V 的 token 的流通速度)。支付媒介若想获得规模,就必须便宜。以至于,如果一种密码资产既是一种价值存储、又是主要的支付媒介的话,为了保持作为支付媒介的价格竞争力,其支付部分必须在经济上与价值存储功能解除绑定,从而用在支付中的 M 的增加依然能与用于协助支付功能的计算资源的 PQ/V 相匹配,同时 V 可以变得非常高。这种解绑可以用一种显式的机制,比如以太坊的 GAS 机制,来实现;也可以用另一种可扩展性解决方案,比如链下交易处理,来实现;以及/或者 让交易手续费在奖励挖矿网络中的作用比区块奖励更加重要。Layer 2 交易处理这样的解决方案的效果是,在基于合并分析的密码资产估值中,大幅提高支付部分中的 V (并减少 M)。

实际上,区块链支付在今天(对 token 持有者)的价值远远低于它们的中心化竞争对手,比如 Visa、Apple/Google Pay 和 PayPal 。认为一种密码资产可以用作支付媒介,其 token 的持有者就可以拥有跟(比如说) Visa 的企业价值(除以已发行的 token 数量)相比较的价值,是不正确的。相反,在一个成熟的均衡状态中,这样的一种 token 的网络价值将是 M = PQ/V,其中的 PQ 只是运行这个区块链网络的计算资源的总成本(可以认为是一个同等体量的现有支付网络的年度信息技术(IT)预算,乘以一个系数,以反映去中心化网络与中心化架构相比在计算上的相对低效),而 V 就是一定的(可能高)的流动速度。由这个正确的估值框架 M = PQ/V 所显露出的价值,远远远远低于现有支付服务商的企业价值。区块链支付可能会打乱乃至取代现有竞争对手、给用户带来许多好处,但这些协议从 token 中表现出来的价值将远远小于被摧毁的企业的价值。

还要考虑的一个额外的因素是企业和个人会选择持有的、在自己的资产负债表上作为经营性资产的支付 token 的存货数量。问题在于,这些经营性资产的驱动力实际上有多强。企业和个人都只会保留很少的现钞。就像他们会持有现金等价物作为对不确定性的缓冲,他们也会选择自己实际支出的那种货币形式,这看起来有利于主权电子货币以及现有的支付系统,除非零售商和供应商都开始大规模使用密码货币的单位直接重新定价(reprice)。除了需要大量跨国支付的用户、主要参与国际贸易、大宗商品贸易或者在本国货币孱弱的区域经营,持有大量非主权、无定价便利的支付媒介密码货币是没有意义的。在一个密码货币成为家常便饭的世界中,从一种密码资产迁移到另一种(比如把一种价值储存密码资产换成一种支付媒介密码资产,或者在两种相互竞争的支付型密码资产间切换)将非常简单、即时而且没有摩擦。那么持有某一种支付媒介密码资产的存货的意义在哪里呢?

看来,值得回顾一下各种现金等价物 —— 比如部分准备金银行中的存款和现钞 —— 之间的区别,以及这种区别在密码资产中是否存在。如果一种密码资产没有基于部分准备金的银行系统,用户可能会选择在生息的、以法币计价的存款合约中存储价值,同时持有少量的支付媒介密码资产的存货,而不是大量持有这种不会生息的密码资产,或者,他们可能会购买生息的、以密码资产计价的债券和商业票据(也就是出借自己的密码资产 )【23】。

原文脚注 23:注意,所有这些选择都会提高货币乘数,同时实质上降低这种密码资产的稀缺性。

最后,在考虑一种非主权密码货币的支付功能的潜在价值时,值得指出的是,虽然支付领域存在显然的网络效应(Visa 就是比 Diners Club 更有用、更有价值(作为一项业务),因为它被更多商家接受、也被更多消费者使用),今天的支付市场已经表现出结构性的碎片化。人们的资产组合中有多少种非主权的价值存储货币?黄金是显然的答案。但你想想,过去一个月里你用过多少种支付渠道:现钞(可能用到了多种货币)、Visa、Amex、PayPal、直接借记卡、SWIFT,等等。他们都很好,也都很适合稍微有些区别的应用场景,而且在特性上稍微有些区别:现钞可以给小工支付,Visa 可以给亚马逊支付,Amex 可以用来买机票(还可以获得积分),PayPay 可以在你不放心给出信用卡号的狡猾网站上支付,借记卡可以支付你的水电账单,SWIFT 用于跨国转账。我们应该始终警惕,不要假设新的范式会跟旧的范式一样(比如说,在 90 年奶,我们总想象可以把旧媒体搬到网上,而没有想过社交媒体)。但应用根本原理(不是从现状触发),我们可以预期支付将依然是一个碎片化的市场。密码资产间的转换会没有摩擦,而支付场景之间会有大量席位的差别。因此,更有可能我们会使用许多不同的支付媒介,基于它们各自的特性与场景的匹配程度。时间会告诉我们到底哪些密码资产会胜出,但不难得出一个初步的可能性清单:需要图灵完备语言中间层的完全自动化的智能合约支付、速度和成本至关重要的支付、安全性和匿名性至关重要的支付、对手商家只接受 Litecoin 或者愿意接受 Dash 和许多其它密码货币。

总结一下,我可以想象持续的创新和一个不断变化的、碎片化的、竞争日益激烈的支付市场。这跟价值储蓄货币的情形相反 —— 领头羊的优势会越来越明显。“路径依赖” 在价值储蓄货币中的效应可能比支付领域更强。虽然支付媒介会获得一些专属于自身、价值存储货币无法染指的价值,但那是相对较少的。缺乏支付功能可能会阻碍一种密码资产的价值存储货币效用,但也有许多例子表明没有影响、支付功能不会自动催生价值存储功能,所以任何因果关系都不强。

价值存储货币

我会认为,某一种密码货币可能会成为主导的非主权价值存储货币,因为并不清楚持有两种乃至更多密码货币会额外带来什么好处。黄金是一种主要的价值存储货币,它不是一种法定货币,也不跟任何法定货币绑定。当然,还有白银,但所有白银的价值仅仅是所有黄金的价值的一个零头,白银的年度需求量(在 2016 年价值 33 亿美元)中只有 20 % 是用作货币【24】,这从金融市场的角度看微不足道。为什么我们会需要多少密码货币同时作为非法币的价值存储货币呢?额外的种类会带来什么价值?

原文脚注 24:https://www.silverinstitute.org/silver-supply-demand/

这给了我们一个重要的问题:量化这种主导价值储存密码资产的潜在未来价格 —— 以及它相对于当前价格的升值。如果一种密码资产变成一种主流的价值储存货币,估计其潜在网络价值的一个逻辑起点是作为当前扮演这个角色的技术的总存量价值的一个分数或乘数;而当前扮演这个角色是黄金,其总存量价值是 7.8 万亿美元【25】。问题在于,使用什么分数或乘数都更多是个人意见。你可能会认为,一种密码资产要完全取代黄金是很难的,或者要花很长时间,因为黄金已经传承了千年,所以你认为使用分数更合适。或者,你可能会认为,密码货币的技术优势,尤其是可分割性和转移便利性,意味着世界上有更多人可以持有这种密码资产(比黄金更多),因为任何拥有智能手机、U 盘和纸钱包的人都可以持有任意数量的密码资产,但携带和存储投资用的黄金要更困难。这种密码资产,或多或少,还可以在支付中扮演黄金无法扮演的角色。

原文脚注 25:7.8 万亿美元 = 已开采黄金总量 18 万 7200 公吨 * 32150.7 盎司/公吨 * 1292 美元/盎司;使用的是 2017 年 8 月 21 日(即本文撰写之日)的价格。

为了在这最后一个问题上客观一些,我们来看看黄金在今天的局面。今天已经开采出来的黄金的总量是 18 万 7200 吨,其中 38% 是以金条的形式存在的,其中略少于一半由政府机构持有(即国家财政部门),剩下的则由私人部门持有。剩余的已开采黄金几乎都以制成品的形式存在,其中大约 80% 是珠宝,大约 20% 是工业产品【26】。

原文脚注 26:《GFMS 黄金报告 2017》第36 页。

有了这些背景知识,你就可以设想自己认定的终局和成功案例。我会在下文给出一个稻草人场景。

虽然一些珠宝可能在名义上是出于投资需求而持有的、制成品中一些具有收藏价值的金币被持有者认为是 “投资”,我基本上排除制成品,因为密码资产即使不是完全不能替代它们,至少是不能替代它们中的绝大部分。相反,我只考虑以金条形式存在黄金。因为密码资产相对于黄金的优越属性,及其用在某些支付中的额外效用,我们可以假设,一种成功的主流价值储存密码资产,在成熟的时候,将价值私人金条存量价值的 1 ~ 3 倍。因为国库的采用可能会更慢、甚至抗拒采用,我会建议假设是 10 年内政府金条存量平均价值的 0.25 ~ 1 倍。我们将金条(38% 的已开采黄金存量)分成 20% 由私人部门持有,18% 由政府持有,并使用上述分析,则可估计主导性的价值储存密码货币的价格(在成熟期)将是黄金存量总价值的 25 ~ 78%【27】,即 1.9 ~ 6.1 万亿美元。

原文脚注 27:下限:(20% * 1) + (18% * 0.25) = 25% ;上限:(20% * 3) + (18% * 1) = 78%。

但是,替代黄金可能仅仅只是开胃菜。黄金构成了价值 12.7 万亿美元的所有外汇储备的不到 11%,而法定货币构成了 86%,国际货币基金组织的特别提款权(IMF SDRs)以及其它资产构成了剩余的 3%【28】。在法币中,美元构成了 67%、欧元构成了 20%、剩下的是其它法定货币(主要是英镑、日元和瑞士法郎)。

原文脚注 28:截至 2017 年 4 月 28 日。《国际货币基金组织 2017 年度报告》。注,4 月 28 日当日,1 IMF SDF = 1.371020 美元

我们需要区分用在国内支付中的法定货币和用于外汇储备的法定货币。如前所述,很有理由怀疑非主权的密码资产能在本国主权货币稳定的地方能取得多大的成功:现有的中心化支付渠道的低成本和高效率、国家在放弃本国货币政策控制上的不情愿,以及主权电子货币的不可避免。但可以想想,一个国家用其他国家的法定货币作为本国的外汇储备时,会有多么不舒服。我们知道中国和俄罗斯可能尤其如此。他们会希望拥有美元和欧元以外的选择,甚至讨论过创造另一种选择(并没有走得很远,因为创建这样的替代方案需要相互信任)。想想对于中国(和其它大宗商品生产国来说),以美元给出口计价由多么困难。而且,任何基于美元的交易都必须通过 SWIFT,这是由美国控制的,而且被排除在 SWIFT 之外将等于跟国际金融系统完全隔绝(比如伊朗)。这种情况对许多主权国家来说越来越不能接受,尤其是在美国的全球影响力减弱的情况下。一种非主权的、不是法定货币的、免信任的、抗审查的密码资产,将比绝大部分主权货币外汇储备好得多。IMF 的 SDR 已经是一种合成的价值存储,所以可以被这样的密码资产轻松且明智地取代。

基于上述金条分析、加入一些跟我们的价值存储密码货币的网络价值的潜在影响力有关的数字,我们可以假设它会取代掉 0.25 ~ 0.75 的非黄金外汇储备。我的下限假设是完全任意的,但上限假设反映的是这些国家希望自己的外汇储备多样化的概率,就像他们已经在做的那样(持有美元以外的法定货币)。这些假设价值会给我们的主导性价值储存密码货币添加额外的 2.8 ~ 8.5 万亿美元的价格。将这些数字与金条分析的数字相加,可以得出我们的主导性价值存储密码货币的总的潜在价格区间是 4.7 ~ 14.6 万亿美元【29】。

原文脚注 29:外汇储备的总价值是 12.6 万亿美元,其中 89% 的非黄金储备是 11.3 万亿美元。下限是 11.3 万亿美元 * 25% = 2.8 万亿美元;上限是 11.3 万亿美元 * 75% = 8.5 万亿美元。

我的加总将停在这里,但还有两种升值,我还未明确地纳入。第一种是,这样一种密码资产有可能取代美元,成为国际贸易和大宗商品的标准计价单位。贸易企业和以大宗商品为中心的企业会因此选择这种密码资产作为资本,从而创造出对其有限供给量的进一步需求,这种密码资产的部分准备金银行和债券市场必将出现,提高这种资产的货币乘数、缓解其有限供给量所带来的不便。其次,这样一种密码资产可能会被习惯用于某些支付,比如跨国支付或者本地缺乏稳定主权货币的国内支付(这已经在发生了)。后者的潜力,至少有一部分,已经被算在上述粗略计算中了,原因在于,当我们开始思考这种价值存储密码货币会构成私人金条存量的一个乘数时,就已经隐含地纳入了对现钞存量的部分替代【30】。如前面的章节所解释的,由支付功能所带来的合并分析价值增量,完全无法跟价值存储部分相提并论,所以忽略它们也许不会在实质上影响我们的潜在价格分析。

原文脚注 30:为给出对取代部分本国法定货币存量的潜在价格的基本概念,全球的 M0 大概是 5 万亿美元,所以我们可以说,这只是比较小的一部分。

下一个问题是,从今天来看,哪一种密码货币最有可能这种主导性的价值存储?对我来说,基于我们今天能够获得的信息,可能的答案是比特币(BTC)。它拥有更多的用户,拥有去中心化(到了功能失调地步)的治理,(比起其它任何密码货币)拥有更多的哈希算力,非常稳定和健壮,存活了最长时间,而且从未被黑客打穿(hacked)。其它密码资产可能具有一些比特币所没有的特性、在价值存储以外的杂七杂八场景中有用,但价值存储本身就是一种功能(可能是密码资产的所有用途中最简单的一个),而比特币一直(也将继续)完美地发挥这一功能。批评者指出,政治冲突让比特币代码的变更过程变得复杂,但从纯粹的价值存储货币的角度来观察,这更多是一项特性,不是一个漏洞。对我来说,比特币成为主导性价值存储密码货币的概率,要比现有和未来的竞争者大得多。如果比特币真的成为主导的价值存储货币,基于我对成熟期网络价值的总估计(4.7 ~ 14.6 万亿美元),完全释放【31】的比特币将具有 26 万 ~ 80 万美元/BTC 的价格。

原文脚注 31:在得出这个价格估计的时候,我所使用的全部释放的 BTC 数量是 2100 万 - 280 万 = 1820 万。虽然 BTC 的最终发行量是固定的,2100 万,但区块链分析公司 Chainalysis 估计,280 ~ 380 万 BTC 可能已经永久丢失、不可再复原了。即使其中一部分比特币可以在日后复原,也可以预计更多比特币会逐渐丢失,所以 280 万的下限估计,出于我们的目的,是完全合理的。

我们应该就此打住,不再考虑一种密码资产要成长为主流价值存储货币要花费多少时间。一方面,黄金已经存在了几千年,所以思维转变也许要花费超过 10 年时间,甚至永远不会完成。另一方面,我们骑马也骑了几千年时间,但在转向更好的技术(机动车)时非常迅速。这样的转变需要大量改造物理基础设施,但在这里,让我们感兴趣的变化只需要思维上的小小转变。此外,只要对未来达成了共识,金融市场就倾向于低估,所以 BTC 的价格可能会预示我没有考虑的采用水平。

至于风险,一项有 20 ~ 60 倍升值空间【32】的投资,只需要 2 ~ 5% 的成功概率,就会是一个预期净价值为正的投资。我们每个人都可以对上述场景发生的概率有自己的看法。我个人非常有信心,给定今天比特币的开发和采用情况,这个概率是超过 2 ~5% 的,可能是高得多。虽然还有许多技术上的、政治上的、监管和心理上的障碍要克服,价值存储用途是迄今为止最简单的一个,也已经是最接近于实现的一个。因此,我会主张,比特币这种投资的 贬值/升值 倍率比是负 1 倍比 60 倍(-1x : 60x),而且预期净价值为正。同时具有这两种特征的投资极为罕见。

原文脚注 32:在本次更新时刻(2017 年 12 月),BTC 对美元的汇率是 13000 。

虽然本论文并不关注怎么分析未来的风险,一个观察是有趣的:在密码资产的所有可能用途中,价值存储货币是技术风险最小的一个。虽然比特币会继续演化和升级(希望会变得更可扩展、同质性更强,等等),而且这些升级也会带来升值,事实上它不需要升级(至少不需要重大转型)就能替代黄金和绝大部分外汇储备。软件和网络基础设施现有的状态已经基本上准备好作为基本的 黄金 2.0/外汇储备 2.0 。需要的几乎只是大众的采用和机构在想法和态度上的转变。相反,去中心化应用协议(比如 EVM 类型)的更加巨大的野心,则需要一系列的技术进步和重大的基础设施投资,超出了我们今天的水平。可以合理地相信,这些进步会随着时间逐渐地发生,我们也都希望如此,因为它们有望让世界变得更好,但显然是一条更长、风险更大的道路。

常常有人说,比特币作为成长中的主流价值存储密码货币的领导地位,会被现在或未来的另一种密码资产取代。这是有可能的,但作为贝叶斯主义者,我们会基于现有的信息、根据概率得出我们的看法,并随着新信息的出现而更新我们的看法。基于当前可得的信息,比特币最有可能成为这样的价值存储密码货币,而且概率似乎已经足够高了(大于 5%),因此它是一项靠谱的投资。随着关于新的和现有竞争者的信息出现,我们可以(也应该)更新我们的评估。迄今为止,随着比特币的价格上涨,其成功的概率也在增加。就目前为止,比特币依然是最好的选择。

人们也常常提出分叉以及分叉会不会削弱比特币稀缺性的问题。因为比特币的分叉链分享同一批哈希算力,这些分叉链要么证明自己(跟 BTC 相比)具有不同且有价值的小众功能,要么就会逐渐枯萎。只要 BTC 在作为一种非主权的价值存储上表现良好,任何这样的区别功能就很可能需要瞄准不那么有价值的用途。也许一种比特币分叉会找到这样一个非价值存储的应用场景,并以相对较低的、可持续的价格(反映了其已经解决的小众功能)生存下来。也有可能,市场会在一段时间内分配部分价值给一种替代性的价值存储分叉,这要么是非理性的(发生了一种意识形态分裂并自我持续了一段时间),那么是一种对冲主链腐败风险的终极后备。最后,均衡的结果更有可能是一种主导性的价值存储货币,当前来看更有可能是 BTC 本身。对于已经持有 BTC 的投资者来说,谨慎的投资策略是简单保留看起来有望获得一种可持续的用户的所有分叉币,然后评估它们的价值。而对新投资者来说,将资金分配到以往的分叉上可能没有意义,因为它们的成功几率更低,而且潜在价值也相对较小。

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BIS Report Compliance Observations: The real risks of stablecoins go beyond "depegging" The BIS report "Anchoring trust in money: innovation beyond stablecoins" argues that while stablecoins and tokenization offer efficiency gains, their primary risk lies in fitting into an identifiable, monitorable, accountable, and regulatable financial system. Money's trust stems not just from technology but from institutional arrangements: a common unit of account, guaranteed redemption at par, liquidity support, regulatory frameworks, and financial integrity requirements. Stablecoins, operating on permissionless blockchains with pseudo-anonymity and non-custodial wallets, create systemic compliance gaps: unclear customer identity, incomplete fund origins, unexplained transaction purposes, fragmented cross-chain paths, and ambiguous liability. On-chain transparency does not equal compliance transparency. Public addresses don't reveal identity or intent. While blockchain analytics aid law enforcement, they cannot replace routine, large-scale AML/CFT controls. Effective compliance requires a closed-loop process encompassing customer onboarding, transaction monitoring, investigation, reporting, and audit. Stablecoin risks are not confined to the blockchain; they re-enter the traditional financial system via on/off-ramps, exchanges, and payment institutions. This forces banks to monitor client accounts for activity linked to virtual assets. The future direction is not to prohibit innovation but to embed rules into the technology. Tokenized finance should integrate with the existing two-tier monetary system, embedding compliance—like customer identification, pre-transaction screening, and auditable data trails—directly into the transaction flow. For compliance professionals, the key takeaway is that any new financial instrument must answer core questions: Who identifies the customer? Who monitors transactions? Who handles exceptions? Who is liable? Compliance is not the antithesis of innovation but the essential infrastructure for its sustainable growth.

链捕手1h ago

BIS Report Compliance Watch: The Real Risks of Stablecoins Are Not Just 'De-pegging'

链捕手1h ago

When American Giants 'Defect' to Chinese AI Models

Summary: The trend of major U.S. technology firms adopting more cost-effective Chinese AI models is gaining momentum. A prime example is Coinbase, the largest U.S. cryptocurrency exchange, which reportedly halved its AI expenditure by switching to Chinese models GLM-5.2 and Kimi 2.7, while its usage volume increased. This was achieved through a sophisticated cost-saving system featuring intelligent model routing (selecting the most suitable model per task), dramatically improving cache hit rates from 5% to 60%, and implementing "Context Engineering" to streamline prompts. This shift is not isolated. Other companies like the AI startup Lindy and data cloud firm Snowflake are making similar moves, drawn by the significant price disparity. For instance, GLM-5.2 costs $1.40/$4.40 per million tokens (input/output), compared to $5/$25 for Claude Opus 4.7. While top Western models may offer slightly higher stability or speed in complex tasks, the performance gap is narrowing, making the price difference harder to justify for many enterprise use cases. The implications are significant for both businesses and individual users. It highlights the importance of a multi-model strategy based on task requirements, the value of caching and reusing outputs, and the effectiveness of providing concise context. Ultimately, this migration signals a potential reshaping of the AI industry's pricing model, moving competition from pure performance benchmarks to practical cost-effectiveness, with increased choice and downward price pressure benefiting end-users.

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When American Giants 'Defect' to Chinese AI Models

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What is SONIC

Sonic: Pioneering the Future of Gaming in Web3 Introduction to Sonic In the ever-evolving landscape of Web3, the gaming industry stands out as one of the most dynamic and promising sectors. At the forefront of this revolution is Sonic, a project designed to amplify the gaming ecosystem on the Solana blockchain. Leveraging cutting-edge technology, Sonic aims to deliver an unparalleled gaming experience by efficiently processing millions of requests per second, ensuring that players enjoy seamless gameplay while maintaining low transaction costs. This article delves into the intricate details of Sonic, exploring its creators, funding sources, operational mechanics, and the timeline of significant events that have shaped its journey. What is Sonic? Sonic is an innovative layer-2 network that operates atop the Solana blockchain, specifically tailored to enhance the existing Solana gaming ecosystem. It accomplishes this through a customised, VM-agnostic game engine paired with a HyperGrid interpreter, facilitating sovereign game economies that roll up back to the Solana platform. The primary goals of Sonic include: Enhanced Gaming Experiences: Sonic is committed to offering lightning-fast on-chain gameplay, allowing players and developers to engage with games at previously unattainable speeds. Atomic Interoperability: This feature enables transactions to be executed within Sonic without the need to redeploy Solana programmes and accounts. This makes the process more efficient and directly benefits from Solana Layer1 services and liquidity. Seamless Deployment: Sonic allows developers to write for Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) based systems and execute them on Solana’s SVM infrastructure. This interoperability is crucial for attracting a broader range of dApps and decentralised applications to the platform. Support for Developers: By offering native composable gaming primitives and extensible data types - dining within the Entity-Component-System (ECS) framework - game creators can craft intricate business logic with ease. Overall, Sonic's unique approach not only caters to players but also provides an accessible and low-cost environment for developers to innovate and thrive. Creator of Sonic The information regarding the creator of Sonic is somewhat ambiguous. However, it is known that Sonic's SVM is owned by the company Mirror World. The absence of detailed information about the individuals behind Sonic reflects a common trend in several Web3 projects, where collective efforts and partnerships often overshadow individual contributions. Investors of Sonic Sonic has garnered considerable attention and support from various investors within the crypto and gaming sectors. Notably, the project raised an impressive $12 million during its Series A funding round. The round was led by BITKRAFT Ventures, with other notable investors including Galaxy, Okx Ventures, Interactive, Big Brain Holdings, and Mirana. This financial backing signifies the confidence that investment foundations have in Sonic’s potential to revolutionise the Web3 gaming landscape, further validating its innovative approaches and technologies. How Does Sonic Work? Sonic utilises the HyperGrid framework, a sophisticated parallel processing mechanism that enhances its scalability and customisability. Here are the core features that set Sonic apart: Lightning Speed at Low Costs: Sonic offers one of the fastest on-chain gaming experiences compared to other Layer-1 solutions, powered by the scalability of Solana’s virtual machine (SVM). Atomic Interoperability: Sonic enables transaction execution without redeployment of Solana programmes and accounts, effectively streamlining the interaction between users and the blockchain. EVM Compatibility: Developers can effortlessly migrate decentralised applications from EVM chains to the Solana environment using Sonic’s HyperGrid interpreter, increasing the accessibility and integration of various dApps. Ecosystem Support for Developers: By exposing native composable gaming primitives, Sonic facilitates a sandbox-like environment where developers can experiment and implement business logic, greatly enhancing the overall development experience. Monetisation Infrastructure: Sonic natively supports growth and monetisation efforts, providing frameworks for traffic generation, payments, and settlements, thereby ensuring that gaming projects are not only viable but also sustainable financially. Timeline of Sonic The evolution of Sonic has been marked by several key milestones. Below is a brief timeline highlighting critical events in the project's history: 2022: The Sonic cryptocurrency was officially launched, marking the beginning of its journey in the Web3 gaming arena. 2024: June: Sonic SVM successfully raised $12 million in a Series A funding round. This investment allowed Sonic to further develop its platform and expand its offerings. August: The launch of the Sonic Odyssey testnet provided users with the first opportunity to engage with the platform, offering interactive activities such as collecting rings—a nod to gaming nostalgia. October: SonicX, an innovative crypto game integrated with Solana, made its debut on TikTok, capturing the attention of over 120,000 users within a short span. This integration illustrated Sonic’s commitment to reaching a broader, global audience and showcased the potential of blockchain gaming. Key Points Sonic SVM is a revolutionary layer-2 network on Solana explicitly designed to enhance the GameFi landscape, demonstrating great potential for future development. HyperGrid Framework empowers Sonic by introducing horizontal scaling capabilities, ensuring that the network can handle the demands of Web3 gaming. Integration with Social Platforms: The successful launch of SonicX on TikTok displays Sonic’s strategy to leverage social media platforms to engage users, exponentially increasing the exposure and reach of its projects. Investment Confidence: The substantial funding from BITKRAFT Ventures, among others, emphasizes the robust backing Sonic has, paving the way for its ambitious future. In conclusion, Sonic encapsulates the essence of Web3 gaming innovation, striking a balance between cutting-edge technology, developer-centric tools, and community engagement. As the project continues to evolve, it is poised to redefine the gaming landscape, making it a notable entity for gamers and developers alike. As Sonic moves forward, it will undoubtedly attract greater interest and participation, solidifying its place within the broader narrative of blockchain gaming.

1.7k Total ViewsPublished 2024.04.04Updated 2024.12.03

What is SONIC

What is $S$

Understanding SPERO: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction to SPERO As the landscape of innovation continues to evolve, the emergence of web3 technologies and cryptocurrency projects plays a pivotal role in shaping the digital future. One project that has garnered attention in this dynamic field is SPERO, denoted as SPERO,$$s$. This article aims to gather and present detailed information about SPERO, to help enthusiasts and investors understand its foundations, objectives, and innovations within the web3 and crypto domains. What is SPERO,$$s$? SPERO,$$s$ is a unique project within the crypto space that seeks to leverage the principles of decentralisation and blockchain technology to create an ecosystem that promotes engagement, utility, and financial inclusion. The project is tailored to facilitate peer-to-peer interactions in new ways, providing users with innovative financial solutions and services. At its core, SPERO,$$s$ aims to empower individuals by providing tools and platforms that enhance user experience in the cryptocurrency space. This includes enabling more flexible transaction methods, fostering community-driven initiatives, and creating pathways for financial opportunities through decentralised applications (dApps). The underlying vision of SPERO,$$s$ revolves around inclusiveness, aiming to bridge gaps within traditional finance while harnessing the benefits of blockchain technology. Who is the Creator of SPERO,$$s$? The identity of the creator of SPERO,$$s$ remains somewhat obscure, as there are limited publicly available resources providing detailed background information on its founder(s). This lack of transparency can stem from the project's commitment to decentralisation—an ethos that many web3 projects share, prioritising collective contributions over individual recognition. By centring discussions around the community and its collective goals, SPERO,$$s$ embodies the essence of empowerment without singling out specific individuals. As such, understanding the ethos and mission of SPERO remains more important than identifying a singular creator. Who are the Investors of SPERO,$$s$? SPERO,$$s$ is supported by a diverse array of investors ranging from venture capitalists to angel investors dedicated to fostering innovation in the crypto sector. The focus of these investors generally aligns with SPERO's mission—prioritising projects that promise societal technological advancement, financial inclusivity, and decentralised governance. These investor foundations are typically interested in projects that not only offer innovative products but also contribute positively to the blockchain community and its ecosystems. The backing from these investors reinforces SPERO,$$s$ as a noteworthy contender in the rapidly evolving domain of crypto projects. How Does SPERO,$$s$ Work? SPERO,$$s$ employs a multi-faceted framework that distinguishes it from conventional cryptocurrency projects. Here are some of the key features that underline its uniqueness and innovation: Decentralised Governance: SPERO,$$s$ integrates decentralised governance models, empowering users to participate actively in decision-making processes regarding the project’s future. This approach fosters a sense of ownership and accountability among community members. Token Utility: SPERO,$$s$ utilises its own cryptocurrency token, designed to serve various functions within the ecosystem. These tokens enable transactions, rewards, and the facilitation of services offered on the platform, enhancing overall engagement and utility. Layered Architecture: The technical architecture of SPERO,$$s$ supports modularity and scalability, allowing for seamless integration of additional features and applications as the project evolves. This adaptability is paramount for sustaining relevance in the ever-changing crypto landscape. Community Engagement: The project emphasises community-driven initiatives, employing mechanisms that incentivise collaboration and feedback. By nurturing a strong community, SPERO,$$s$ can better address user needs and adapt to market trends. Focus on Inclusion: By offering low transaction fees and user-friendly interfaces, SPERO,$$s$ aims to attract a diverse user base, including individuals who may not previously have engaged in the crypto space. This commitment to inclusion aligns with its overarching mission of empowerment through accessibility. Timeline of SPERO,$$s$ Understanding a project's history provides crucial insights into its development trajectory and milestones. Below is a suggested timeline mapping significant events in the evolution of SPERO,$$s$: Conceptualisation and Ideation Phase: The initial ideas forming the basis of SPERO,$$s$ were conceived, aligning closely with the principles of decentralisation and community focus within the blockchain industry. Launch of Project Whitepaper: Following the conceptual phase, a comprehensive whitepaper detailing the vision, goals, and technological infrastructure of SPERO,$$s$ was released to garner community interest and feedback. Community Building and Early Engagements: Active outreach efforts were made to build a community of early adopters and potential investors, facilitating discussions around the project’s goals and garnering support. Token Generation Event: SPERO,$$s$ conducted a token generation event (TGE) to distribute its native tokens to early supporters and establish initial liquidity within the ecosystem. Launch of Initial dApp: The first decentralised application (dApp) associated with SPERO,$$s$ went live, allowing users to engage with the platform's core functionalities. Ongoing Development and Partnerships: Continuous updates and enhancements to the project's offerings, including strategic partnerships with other players in the blockchain space, have shaped SPERO,$$s$ into a competitive and evolving player in the crypto market. Conclusion SPERO,$$s$ stands as a testament to the potential of web3 and cryptocurrency to revolutionise financial systems and empower individuals. With a commitment to decentralised governance, community engagement, and innovatively designed functionalities, it paves the way toward a more inclusive financial landscape. As with any investment in the rapidly evolving crypto space, potential investors and users are encouraged to research thoroughly and engage thoughtfully with the ongoing developments within SPERO,$$s$. The project showcases the innovative spirit of the crypto industry, inviting further exploration into its myriad possibilities. While the journey of SPERO,$$s$ is still unfolding, its foundational principles may indeed influence the future of how we interact with technology, finance, and each other in interconnected digital ecosystems.

85 Total ViewsPublished 2024.12.17Updated 2024.12.17

What is $S$

What is AGENT S

Agent S: The Future of Autonomous Interaction in Web3 Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of Web3 and cryptocurrency, innovations are constantly redefining how individuals interact with digital platforms. One such pioneering project, Agent S, promises to revolutionise human-computer interaction through its open agentic framework. By paving the way for autonomous interactions, Agent S aims to simplify complex tasks, offering transformative applications in artificial intelligence (AI). This detailed exploration will delve into the project's intricacies, its unique features, and the implications for the cryptocurrency domain. What is Agent S? Agent S stands as a groundbreaking open agentic framework, specifically designed to tackle three fundamental challenges in the automation of computer tasks: Acquiring Domain-Specific Knowledge: The framework intelligently learns from various external knowledge sources and internal experiences. This dual approach empowers it to build a rich repository of domain-specific knowledge, enhancing its performance in task execution. Planning Over Long Task Horizons: Agent S employs experience-augmented hierarchical planning, a strategic approach that facilitates efficient breakdown and execution of intricate tasks. This feature significantly enhances its ability to manage multiple subtasks efficiently and effectively. Handling Dynamic, Non-Uniform Interfaces: The project introduces the Agent-Computer Interface (ACI), an innovative solution that enhances the interaction between agents and users. Utilizing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), Agent S can navigate and manipulate diverse graphical user interfaces seamlessly. Through these pioneering features, Agent S provides a robust framework that addresses the complexities involved in automating human interaction with machines, setting the stage for myriad applications in AI and beyond. Who is the Creator of Agent S? While the concept of Agent S is fundamentally innovative, specific information about its creator remains elusive. The creator is currently unknown, which highlights either the nascent stage of the project or the strategic choice to keep founding members under wraps. Regardless of anonymity, the focus remains on the framework's capabilities and potential. Who are the Investors of Agent S? As Agent S is relatively new in the cryptographic ecosystem, detailed information regarding its investors and financial backers is not explicitly documented. The lack of publicly available insights into the investment foundations or organisations supporting the project raises questions about its funding structure and development roadmap. Understanding the backing is crucial for gauging the project's sustainability and potential market impact. How Does Agent S Work? At the core of Agent S lies cutting-edge technology that enables it to function effectively in diverse settings. Its operational model is built around several key features: Human-like Computer Interaction: The framework offers advanced AI planning, striving to make interactions with computers more intuitive. By mimicking human behaviour in tasks execution, it promises to elevate user experiences. Narrative Memory: Employed to leverage high-level experiences, Agent S utilises narrative memory to keep track of task histories, thereby enhancing its decision-making processes. Episodic Memory: This feature provides users with step-by-step guidance, allowing the framework to offer contextual support as tasks unfold. Support for OpenACI: With the ability to run locally, Agent S allows users to maintain control over their interactions and workflows, aligning with the decentralised ethos of Web3. Easy Integration with External APIs: Its versatility and compatibility with various AI platforms ensure that Agent S can fit seamlessly into existing technological ecosystems, making it an appealing choice for developers and organisations. These functionalities collectively contribute to Agent S's unique position within the crypto space, as it automates complex, multi-step tasks with minimal human intervention. As the project evolves, its potential applications in Web3 could redefine how digital interactions unfold. Timeline of Agent S The development and milestones of Agent S can be encapsulated in a timeline that highlights its significant events: September 27, 2024: The concept of Agent S was launched in a comprehensive research paper titled “An Open Agentic Framework that Uses Computers Like a Human,” showcasing the groundwork for the project. October 10, 2024: The research paper was made publicly available on arXiv, offering an in-depth exploration of the framework and its performance evaluation based on the OSWorld benchmark. October 12, 2024: A video presentation was released, providing a visual insight into the capabilities and features of Agent S, further engaging potential users and investors. These markers in the timeline not only illustrate the progress of Agent S but also indicate its commitment to transparency and community engagement. Key Points About Agent S As the Agent S framework continues to evolve, several key attributes stand out, underscoring its innovative nature and potential: Innovative Framework: Designed to provide an intuitive use of computers akin to human interaction, Agent S brings a novel approach to task automation. Autonomous Interaction: The ability to interact autonomously with computers through GUI signifies a leap towards more intelligent and efficient computing solutions. Complex Task Automation: With its robust methodology, it can automate complex, multi-step tasks, making processes faster and less error-prone. Continuous Improvement: The learning mechanisms enable Agent S to improve from past experiences, continually enhancing its performance and efficacy. Versatility: Its adaptability across different operating environments like OSWorld and WindowsAgentArena ensures that it can serve a broad range of applications. As Agent S positions itself in the Web3 and crypto landscape, its potential to enhance interaction capabilities and automate processes signifies a significant advancement in AI technologies. Through its innovative framework, Agent S exemplifies the future of digital interactions, promising a more seamless and efficient experience for users across various industries. Conclusion Agent S represents a bold leap forward in the marriage of AI and Web3, with the capacity to redefine how we interact with technology. While still in its early stages, the possibilities for its application are vast and compelling. Through its comprehensive framework addressing critical challenges, Agent S aims to bring autonomous interactions to the forefront of the digital experience. As we move deeper into the realms of cryptocurrency and decentralisation, projects like Agent S will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of technology and human-computer collaboration.

756 Total ViewsPublished 2025.01.14Updated 2025.01.14

What is AGENT S

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