加密财库热潮暗藏危机,会重演灰度GBTC「爆雷」剧本吗?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2025-06-05Last updated on 2025-06-05

Abstract

微策略引来一批模仿者,但高溢价背后的杠杆风险如何?

原文作者:Weilin,PANews

加密财库热潮暗藏危机,会重演灰度GBTC「爆雷」剧本吗?

加密财库已经成上市公司的“时髦战略”。据不完全统计,至少 124 家上市公司已将比特币纳入公司财务战略,作为资产负债表上的“武器”吸引加密市场的广泛关注。同时,以太坊和 Sol、XRP 山寨币的财库策略也为一些上市公司采用。

尽管如此,包括 Castle Island Ventures 合伙人 Nic Carter 在内的几位业内人士近日表达了潜在的隐忧:这些上市投资工具比作当年的灰度 GBTC——一个长期交易溢价的灰度比特币信托基金,当年溢价转为折价,成为多个机构崩盘的导火索。

渣打银行数字资产研究主管 Geoff Kendrick 也发出警告,若比特币价格跌破这些加密财库策略公司平均买入价的 22% ,可能引发企业被迫抛售。如果比特币回落至 9 万美元以下,约半数企业持仓可能面临亏损风险。

微策略引来一批模仿者,但高溢价背后的杠杆风险如何?

截至 6 月 4 日,Strategy 持有约 580, 955 枚比特币,市值约 610.5 亿美元,但其公司市值却高达 1074.9 亿美元,溢价接近 1.76 倍。

除了微策略之外,一些最新采用比特币财库战略的公司也都拥有光鲜的背景。Twenty One 由软银与 Tether 支持,通过 Cantor Fitzgerald 的 SPAC 上市,筹集 6.85 亿美元全部用于购买比特币。Bitcoin Magazine CEO David Bailey 创立的 Nakamoto Corp,与一家上市医疗公司合并,融资 7.1 亿美元购币。Trump Media & Technology Group 已宣布筹资 24.4 亿美元打造比特币财库。

PANews 近日盘点,Strategy 的比特币财库策略吸引了大量的模仿者,还包括计划买入以太坊的 SharpLink、积累 SOL 的 Upexi,以及积累 XRP 的 VivoPower 等一批上市公司。

但几位加密业内人士指出,这些公司的操作轨迹,与当年的 GBTC 套利模式在结构上极为相似。熊市一旦来临,其风险有可能将集中释放,形成“踩踏效应”,即市场或资产价格出现下跌苗头时,投资者集体恐慌性抛售,引发价格进一步暴跌的连锁反应。

灰度 GBTC 的教训:杠杆崩塌,持仓机构爆雷

回顾历史,灰度比特币信托(GBTC)在 2020-2021 年曾风光一时,一度溢价高达 120% 。但进入 2021 年后,GBTC 迅速转为负溢价,并最终演化为三箭资本(3AC)、BlockFi、Voyager 等机构爆雷的导火索因素。

GBTC 的机制设计可以说是一场“只进不出”的单向交易:投资者在一级市场申购 GBTC 后,需锁定 6 个月才能在二级市场出售,而无法赎回为比特币。由于早期市场比特币投资门槛高、支付收益税税负重,GBTC 一度成为合格投资者(通过 401(k) 美国退休福利计划等)进军加密市场的合法通道,这推动其二级市场溢价长期维持。

但正是这种溢价,催生出大规模的“杠杆套利游戏”:投资机构以超低成本借入 BTC,将其存入 Grayscale 申购 GBTC,持有 6 个月后在溢价二级市场出售,获取稳定收益。

据公开文件,BlockFi 和3AC的 GBTC 合计持仓曾占到流通份额的 11% 。BlockFi 曾将客户存入的 BTC 转为 GBTC,并作为贷款抵押物来支付利息。而3AC更是动用高达 6.5 亿美元的无抵押贷款加仓 GBTC,并将 GBTC 抵押给 DCG 的借贷平台 Genesis,获得流动性,实现多轮杠杆。

在牛市中,这样的运转一切良好。可当 2021 年 3 月加拿大推出比特币 ETF 后,GBTC 需求骤降,正溢价转负溢价,飞轮结构瞬间崩塌。

BlockFi 和3AC开始在负溢价环境下持续亏损——BlockFi 不得不大规模抛售 GBTC,但仍在 2020 和 2021 年累计亏损超 2.85 亿美元,有业内人士估算其在 GBTC 上的亏损接近 7 亿美元。3AC则被清算,Genesis 最终在 2022 年 6 月发布声明称已“处置一家大型交易对手”的质押资产。尽管未点名,但市场普遍认为该交易对手正是3AC。

这场始于溢价、盛于杠杆、毁于流动性坍塌的“爆雷”,成为 2022 年加密行业系统性危机的序章。

上市公司加密财库飞轮,是否会带来下一场系统性行业危机?

在 Strategy 之后,越来越多公司正在形成自己的“比特币财库飞轮”,主要逻辑是:股价上涨 → 增发融资 → 购入 BTC → 提振市场信心 → 股价继续上涨。这一财库飞轮机制未来可能随着机构逐步接受加密货币 ETF 和加密货币持仓作为贷款抵押品而加速运转。

6 月 4 日消息,摩根大通公司计划允许其交易和财富管理客户使用部分与加密货币挂钩的资产作为贷款抵押品。据知情人士透露,该公司将在未来几周内开始以加密货币 ETF 为抵押提供融资,首先从贝莱德(BlackRock)旗下的 iShares 比特币信托基金开始。知情人士称,在某些情况下,摩根大通还将开始在评估财富管理客户的总体净资产和流动资产时,将其加密货币持仓纳入考量。这意味着在计算客户可用资产抵押额度时,加密货币将获得与股票、汽车或艺术品类似的待遇。

但是有看空者认为,财库飞轮模式在牛市中看似自洽,但其实质是将传统金融手段(如可转债、企业债、ATM 增发)与加密资产价格直接挂钩,一旦市场转熊,链条就有可能断裂。

若币价暴跌,公司财务资产将迅速缩水,影响其估值。投资者信心崩溃,股价下跌,使公司融资能力受限。若有债务或追加保证金压力,公司将被迫变现 BTC 应对。大量 BTC 抛压集中释放,形成“卖墙”,进一步压低价格。

更严重的是,当这些公司的股票被借贷机构或中心化交易所接受为抵押品,其波动性将进一步传导到传统金融或 DeFi 系统,放大风险链条。而这正是灰度 GBTC 经历过的剧本。

几周前,著名做空者 Jim Chanos 就宣布,他正在做空 Strategy 并做多比特币,也是基于对其杠杆的负面看法。尽管 MicroStrategy 股票在过去五年上涨了 3, 500% ,Chanos 认为其估值已严重脱离基本面。

有加密财库顾问指出,如今“股权代币化”的趋势可能加剧风险,尤其是一旦这些代币化股票也被中心化或 DeFi 协议接受为抵押物,则更可能引发不可控的链式反应。不过,也有市场分析认为,目前仍是早期阶段,因为多数交易机构尚未接受比特币 ETF 作为保证金抵押——即使是 BlackRock 或 Fidelity 这样的发行方。

6 月 4 日,渣打银行数字资产研究主管 Geoff Kendrick 发出警告,目前 61 家上市公司共持有 67.38 万枚比特币,占总供应量的 3.2% 。若比特币价格跌破这些公司平均买入价的 22% ,可能引发企业被迫抛售。参照 2022 年 Core Scientific 在价格低于成本价 22% 时抛售 7202 枚比特币的案例,如果比特币回落至 9 万美元以下,约半数企业持仓可能面临亏损风险。

微策略的爆雷风险究竟有多大?近日,Web3 101 的播客《比特币巨鲸微策略与它的资本游戏》的讨论引发了市场关注。讨论提及,虽然微策略近年来被称为“杠杆版比特币”,但其资本结构并非传统意义上的高风险杠杆模型,而是一套高度可控的“类 ETF+杠杆飞轮”系统。公司通过发行可转债、永续优先股以及按市价增发(ATM)等方式筹资购买比特币,构建出持续吸引市场关注的波动性逻辑。更重要的是,这些债务工具的到期时间多集中在 2028 年及之后,使其在周期性回调中几乎不存在短期偿债压力。

这一模型的核心并非单纯囤币,而是通过动态调整融资方式,在“低溢价时加杠杆、在高溢价时卖股票”的策略下,形成一个资本市场自我增强的飞轮机制。Michael Saylor 将微策略定位为比特币波动性的金融代理工具,让无法直接持有加密资产的机构投资者,能够以传统股票形式“无障碍”地持有一个具备期权属性的高 Beta(比基准资产 BTC 更剧烈地波动)的比特币标的。正因如此,微策略不仅构建出强大的融资和反脆弱能力,也成为比特币市场波动结构中的“长期稳定变量”。

目前来看,上市公司加密财库策略不断成为加密市场关注的焦点,也引发了对其结构性风险的争议。尽管微策略通过灵活的融资手段和周期性调整构建出相对稳健的财务模型,但整体行业是否能在市场波动中保持稳定,仍有待时间验证。这一轮 “加密财库热潮”是否会复制 GBTC 式的风险路径,是一个充满未知数、悬而未决的问题。

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