当企业争相豪赌BTC时,Strategy的成功还能复制吗?

比推Published on 2025-06-03Last updated on 2025-06-03

原标题:The $Strategy Strategy Proliferation

作者:Breed 投资合伙人 Nick D. Garcia

编译:比推BitpushNews


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关键要点

比特币发展的下一个阶段已经到来:公司在资产负债表上采用比特币。截至 2025 年 5 月,共有 199 家实体合计持有 301 万枚 BTC(约合 3150 亿美元),且这一数字仍在快速增长。

那些以持有比特币为主要目的的公司,将被视为比特币持股公司,其估值方式类似于最大的比特币公司 Strategy。为了生存,这些公司必须注意一项关键溢价指标“净资产价值倍数”(MNAV: Multiple on Net Asset Value)——这是最关键的衡量指标。

MNAV 溢价取决于市场对核心团队的信任及其执行能力。这些团队必须执行 Strategy 的战略:通过债务融资、股票发行和现金流再投资的方式,提高每股比特币的持有量。目前,新进入者正在扩展这一方法。

最大威胁是熊市持续时间过长,削弱 MNAV 溢价,恰逢债务到期之际。新成立的比特币财资公司面临更大风险,因为他们在资本筹集上的条件更严苛,杠杆率也更高。

一旦行业开始出现失败,最强大的玩家可能会收购陷入困境的公司并进行整合。幸运的是,由于大部分融资是基于股权,传染风险有限;但那些严重依赖债务的公司则构成了更大的系统性威胁。

新的阶段:企业争相采纳比特币

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我们已经见证了比特币近年来的崛起。不仅价格上涨,其采用程度和认可度也已经跨越了鸿沟。关键节点包括:

  • 2021 年 9 月,萨尔瓦多将比特币认定为法定货币;

  • 2024 年 1 月,贝莱德推出 IBIT ETF;

  • 美国总统将比特币作为战略经济重点;

  • 以及 2025 年夏天,比特币在公司资产负债表上的采用激增。

根据 Bitcointreasuries.net 数据,目前有 199 家实体共持有 301 万 BTC(3150 亿美元)。其中,147 家私人和上市公司持有 110 万 BTC(1150 亿美元)。

最近,一波公司宣布了新的比特币财资策略。这些公司包括多元化资产负债表的企业和专门从事比特币财资的公司,涵盖了不同国家和行业,并由值得信赖的团队领导。

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自 2024 年初以来,公司持有的比特币数量翻了一倍多。Strategy 公司持有超过 580,000 枚 BTC,占企业持仓总量的 53%。其他持有超过 1 万枚 BTC 的公司包括:

  • Block.one(164,000 枚)

  • Tether(100,500 枚)

  • MARA Holdings(49,140 枚)

  • Twenty One(31,500 枚)

  • Riot Platforms(19,200 枚)

  • Galaxy Digital(12,800 枚)

  • CleanSpark(12,100 枚)

  • 特斯拉(11,500 枚)

  • Hut 8(10,300 枚)

凭借其规模、声誉和抗周期性,Strategy 基本上注定将继续成为比特币持有公司的领头羊。但更值得注意的是 Strategy 的模式正在被模仿。越来越多的公司将比特币纳入资产负债表,以及专门从事比特币财资的新公司涌现,对比特币具有深远意义。

运作机制及估值方法

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那些在保持主营业务的同时,将比特币加入资产负债表的公司,其估值仍以主营业务为主。但一旦公司唯一目的是持有比特币,就会以其持有的比特币为主要估值依据。

为了吸引投资者购买其股票而非直接持有比特币,这类公司必须实现超过比特币本身表现的超额回报。这种超额回报被称为“净资产价值倍数”(MNAV)。

例如,Strategy 公司持有 580,250 枚 BTC,价值约 600 亿美元,而其市值为 1040 亿美元,MNAV 为 1.7 倍。

MNAV 的波动取决于公司规模、市场经验、其他业务等多种因素。不过,Strategy 历史上维持的 2 倍 MNAV 是长期的黄金标准。

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市场不会仅因公司持有比特币而赋予 MNAV 溢价,前提是投资者相信该公司管理层能持续稳定地增长“每股比特币”数量。

自 2020 年以来,Strategy 一直通过三种资本杠杆手段来证明其能力:

  1. 可转换债券:发行低息的可转换债券,仅在股价比发行价上涨 30–50% 时才转换为股权,从而以较低成本大额融资,且不会轻易摊薄股权。

  2. 市场中股票发行(ATM):当股价高于 MNAV 时,持续通过 ATM 程序发行新股,相当于用平均成本法不断购入比特币。

  3. 运营现金流再投资:将传统业务产生的自由现金流全部用于购买现货比特币。

后进公司也在采用并创新这一策略。某些创新方式包括:

  • 允许比特币持有者通过换股方式转换为股票,避免触发资本利得税;

  • 收购低于净现金价值的公司并将其价值转化为比特币;

  • 收购陷入困境的比特币相关诉讼索赔;

  • 借助媒体和活动提高影响力;

  • 通过 PIPE(私募股权投资)方式融资;

  • 利用监管套利。

参与者都有谁?

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截至 2025 年上半年,已有超过 40 家公司公开宣布将在资产负债表上采纳比特币,共筹集了数百亿美元以执行这些战略,这些公司在行业、地域、执行模式和上市路径方面各不相同。

值得注意的包括:

  • Metaplanet(日本):最早一批国际参与者,利用日本的超低利率环境;

  • Semler Scientific 与 GameStop(美国):其比特币财资战略引起主流媒体关注;

  • Twenty One Capital:由 Tether 和 Cantor 支持的专门企业;

  • StriveNakamoto:通过反向并购迅速上市。

请查看上方图表,了解截至 2025 年 5 月已经宣布比特币财资战略的更多公司。

模式是否可持续?

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金融领域没有任何策略是万无一失的——比特币财资公司也不例外。

Strategy 曾在 2022–23 年熊市中经历重大考验:
比特币暴跌 80%,MNAV 溢价消失,新资本来源也枯竭。尽管如此,公司还是生存了下来,尽管 Saylor 可能几个晚上都睡不着觉。

最大的生存风险是熊市时间过长,MNAV 溢价被侵蚀,而债务又将到期。如果股价跌至或低于净资产价值,且贷款人拒绝再融资,公司可能被迫抛售比特币来还债——引发价格下跌与抛售的恶性循环。

新成立的财资公司风险更高。没有 Strategy 的规模、声誉和被动指数资金流,他们融资条件更差,杠杆率更高。在下行市场中,这些结构可能迅速触发追加保证金要求+贱卖比特币,进一步加剧市场下跌。

接下来的方向

比特币财资公司的扩张仍处于早期阶段;但这一模式已开始向其他加密资产延伸——

例如:Solana:DeFi Development Corp(市值 1 亿美元,持有超 42 万枚 SOL)、UpexiSol Strategies以太坊SharpLink Gaming,在 Consensys 牵头的融资中筹集了 4.25 亿美元。

预计全球将有更多公司采纳这一模式,涵盖更多资产,并使用更高杠杆以追求成功。

大多数公司将失败。幸运的是,由于大部分融资基于股权,传染风险较低。但严重依赖债务的公司则构成系统性威胁。

最终,只有少数几家公司能长期维持 MNAV 溢价,他们需要依靠强大的领导力、严格的执行力、精明的市场操作和独特的战略,这样的话,无论市场如何波动,都能持续推动比特币每股价值的增长。


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