加密货币使得俄罗斯更容易规避制裁

澎湃新闻Published on 2022-02-27Last updated on 2022-02-27

Abstract

一些区块链专家表示,西方对俄罗斯实施的金融制裁措施变得越来越容易被规避,部分原因是俄罗斯正大量采用加密货币。

近日,据美国媒体报道,一些区块链专家表示,西方对俄罗斯实施的金融制裁措施变得越来越容易被规避,部分原因是俄罗斯正大量采用加密货币。

据美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)2月24日报道,随着乌克兰局势的恶化,美国及其盟友正对俄罗斯的银行和“国内寡头”实施愈发严厉的金融制裁。但部分专家表示,俄罗斯比以前更容易规避这些制裁措施了,而一个重要原因是他们正越来越多地使用加密货币进行交易,以保护自己的资产。

据报道,美国和欧盟的制裁措施严重依赖银行来执行,如果受制裁的企业或个人进行以美元或欧元等传统货币计价的交易,银行有责任标记并阻止这些交易。但加密货币的交易记录被保存在区块链的分布式账本上,其运作几乎完全处于标准的全球银行业务范围之外。

“如果俄罗斯人决定不再使用除加密货币以外的任何货币,他们可以有效地避免几乎所有的制裁。我确信他们已经在这么做了。”反洗钱合规专家德尔斯顿(Ross S. Delston)表示。

对此,美国财政部官员也在一份报告中警告称,加密货币允许不良行为者在传统金融体系之外持有和转移资金,因而可能会“损害美国的制裁能力”。“我们注意到,如果不加以控制,这些加密资产和支付系统可能会损害我们制裁的效力。”报告中写道。

报道举例称,根据区块链数据分析公司Chainalysis的研究,近年来受到密集制裁的东欧部分国家是与犯罪活动相关的加密货币交易量最高的地区之一。在这里,用于非法交易的网站被称为“暗网”,这些网站在2020年流入了创纪录的17亿美元加密货币,其中大部分是比特币。而该地区暗网市场当年的交易增长,几乎都能归功于一个俄罗斯的暗网平台Hydra。Chainalysis在2月初的一份报告中指出,Hydra是“迄今为止世界上最大的暗网市场,其2020年的收入占全球暗网市场收入的75%以上”。

不过,德尔斯顿也指出,仅仅是把所有美元计价的资产全都置换成比特币还不足以完全规避制裁。他表示,许多东西很难仅通过加密货币进行买卖,尤其是大宗商品。以俄罗斯所依赖的食品进口部门为例,外国的食品出口商在进行交易时只会接受作为全球储备货币的美元,而非价格每时每刻都在波动的加密货币。

此外,德尔斯顿还表示,由于比特币和其他加密货币可以在区块链上追踪到,洗钱等行为很难做得不留痕迹,因而“对俄罗斯寡头来说,加密货币也不是一个全然完美的解决方案”。

据新华网报道,在俄罗斯发动对乌克兰的“特别军事行动”后,当地时间 2月22日,拜登宣布将针对俄罗斯的两个大型金融机构——俄罗斯国有开发银行和军事银行实施全面的封锁制裁措施,俄罗斯将无法在美国及欧洲市场进行借贷交易,也无法再筹集资金。同日,加拿大、英国、澳大利亚等国家也陆续宣布对俄罗斯的首轮经济制裁。2月24日,拜登再次授权针对俄罗斯进行新一轮“全面的金融制裁和严格的出口管制”措施,包括冻结俄罗斯在美国的所有资产、限制俄罗斯使用美元、欧元、英镑和日元做生意的能力等。对此,俄罗斯中央银行25日发表声明,表示无论受到何种制裁,国家都有计划继续运行,而俄罗斯央行将为受美国和其他国家制裁影响的银行提供支持。

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