600亿USDC的背后:揭秘Circle帝国崛起

marsbitPublished on 2025-04-19Last updated on 2025-04-20

关键要点:

1. Circle 在 2024 年实现收入 17 亿美元,其中 99% 来自 USDC 储备的利息收入。与 Coinbase 和 BN 等合作伙伴的分配成本总计 10.1 亿美元,反映了交易平台对扩大 USDC 覆盖面的关键作用。

2. USDC 总供应量已回升至 600 亿美元,30 天平均转账量达到 400 亿美元,显示市场信心和跨链采用的恢复。然而,USDC 仍对利率变化、竞争压力和监管发展较为敏感。

3. USDC 在主要交易平台的使用持续增长,目前占 BN 现货交易量的 29%,得益于 Circle 的战略合作伙伴关系。

4. 展望未来,Circle 的下一阶段可能依赖于从被动利息收入向主动收入来源的多元化,包括Token化资产、支付基础设施和资本市场整合。

引言

Circle 是美国最大的稳定币发行商,也是市值 600 亿美元的 USDC 背后的公司,最近提交了 IPO 申请,提供了洞察这家加密货币基础公司财务状况和战略前景的机会。作为公开市场中唯一直接投资于加密货币增长最快领域的途径,Circle 的 IPO 申请正值稳定币立法逐步成型、竞争加剧的关键时刻。尽管市场条件可能导致 IPO 延迟,但结合 USDC 的链上数据,我们将从 Circle 的 IPO 文件中提取关键信息,分析其收入来源、利率对其业务的影响,以及 Coinbase 和 BN 等平台在塑造 USDC 分发中的作用,并评估 Circle 在日益竞争激烈的市场中的定位。


Circle 财务概览

从最初的比特币支付应用到成为领先的稳定币发行商和加密基础设施提供商,Circle 在其 12 年的历程中应对了诸多挑战。在 2021 年(450%)和 2022 年(808%)收入爆发式增长后,2023 年增长放缓,收入增长 88%,当时 USDC 受到硅谷银行倒闭的影响。2024 年底,Circle 报告收入 17 亿美元,同比增长 15%,显示出更稳定的扩张趋势。

Circle


然而,盈利能力压缩,净利润和调整后 EBITDA 分别下降 42% 和 28%,至 1.57 亿美元和 2.85 亿美元。值得注意的是,Circle 的财务数据显示,收入高度集中于储备利息收入,与 Coinbase 和 BN 等合作伙伴的分配成本高达约 10.1 亿美元。但这些因素推动了 USDC 供应的复苏,全年增长 80% 至 440 亿美元。


USDC 的链上增长

USDC 是 Circle 业务的核心,于 2018 年与 Coinbase 合作推出。USDC 是美元的Token化形式,允许用户以数字形式存储价值并在区块链网络上交易,实现近乎即时的低成本结算。USDC 采用全储备模型,1:1 由高流动性资产支持,包括短期美国国债、隔夜回购协议和受监管金融机构持有的现金。

Circle


USDC 的总供应量已增长至约 600 亿美元,稳居仅次于 Tether 的 USDT 的第二大稳定币。尽管 2023 年市场份额承压,但已回升至 26%,反映了市场信心的恢复。其中,约 400 亿美元(65%)在以太坊上发行,95 亿美元在 Solana 上(15%),37.5 亿美元在 Base Layer-2 上(6%),其余分布在 Arbitrum、Optimism、Polygon、Avalanche 等链上。

USDC 的速度和转账量也显著增长,30 天平均转账量达到约 400 亿美元。2025 年,USDC 转账量主要发生在 Base 和以太坊上,有时占调整后总转账量的 90%。

Circle


这些指标表明,随着稳定币在新兴市场作为美元替代品以及支付和金融科技基础设施的吸引力增加,USDC 的使用量不断增长。这也体现了 Circle 的跨链战略,USDC 在主要区块链上普遍可用,并通过跨链传输协议(CCTP)等互操作性工具得到支持。


储备构成与利率敏感性

对于发行的每一美元 USDC,Circle 将储备投资于高流动性、低风险资产组合,如短期美国国债和现金存款。这种结构使 Circle 能够在确保 USDC 持有者流动性和赎回稳定性的同时,从储备中获得收益。Circle 在文件中披露,2024 年储备收入为 16 亿美元,占总收入的 99%,表明其收入结构高度依赖利率。

USDC 储备主要持有在 Circle 储备基金中,这是一个由 BlackRock 管理的 SEC 注册政府货币市场基金。根据 Circle 的月度证明、财务报表和 BlackRock Circle 储备基金,截至 4 月 11 日,535 亿美元(约 88%)的 USDC 储备由美国国债和与多家金融机构的隔夜回购协议组成,期限均小于 2 个月。此外,11% 的储备为存放在受监管银行的现金。

Circle


根据 Circle 2024 年 16 亿美元的储备收入和约 440 亿美元的储备资产,推算年化收益率约为 3.6%。如果利率保持当前水平,且 USDC 供应量保持稳定或增长,Circle 的储备收入可能保持稳定。

我们之前关于 USDC 供应在利率上升时期下降的研究显示,Circle 的储备收入与当前利率高度相关,表明其收入模型对利率变化的敏感性。2024 年有效联邦基金利率在 4.58-5.33% 之间,如果利率下降,Circle 的前景如何?在 S-1 文件中,Circle 估计利率下降 1% 可能导致稳定币储备收入减少 4.41 亿美元,这是文件中概述的关键风险。

由于 Circle 保留全部收益(不像 Ethena 和 Maker 等发行商将利息传递给持有者),其商业模式对未来利率变化、竞争压力和监管演变仍保持敏感。


分发、分发、分发

Coinbase 和 BN 的角色

Circle 的 IPO 文件还揭示了 Coinbase 和 BN 等合作伙伴在推动 USDC 采用方面的重要性。2024 年,其分发成本总计 10.1 亿美元,较 2023 年增加 40%,较 2022 年增加 150%。

虽然 Coinbase 与 Circle 的关系广为人知,但文件显示两者在财务上的联系更加紧密。2024 年,Coinbase 从 USDC 相关活动中赚取 9.08 亿美元,占其总收入的约 13.8%。根据与 Circle 的收入分享协议,Coinbase 获得其平台上持有的 USDC 的 100% 利息,以及其他地方持有的 USDC 的 50% 利息。随着 Coinbase 平台上 USDC 供应量从 2022 年的 5% 增至 20%,大部分经济收益似乎归于 Coinbase。文件还披露向 BN 一次性支付 6025 万美元,以类似方式促进分发。

Circle


观察关键合作伙伴交易平台的现货交易活动,USDC 现占 BN 现货交易量的 29%(约 62 亿美元),在 FDUSD 近期脱钩后超过其份额,仅次于占比约 50% 的 USDT。在 Coinbase 上,USDC 驱动了合并 USD 和 USDC 市场约 90% 的现货交易。

尽管成本高昂,Circle 的分发努力已转化为交易平台层面的显著采用,推动了 USDC 的流动性和跨交易平台的 100 亿美元可信现货交易量。


超越交易平台:为 DeFi 和商业赋能

通过区分以太坊上持有在智能合约与外部拥有账户(EOA)的 USDC 供应,可以了解 USDC 在用户钱包和应用中的分布情况。目前,约 300 亿美元由 EOA 持有,同比增长 66%,而约 100 亿美元在智能合约中,同比增长约 42%。EOA 余额的增长可能反映了交易平台托管和个人用户持有的增加,而智能合约的增长表明 USDC 在 DeFi 借代市场中作为抵押品以及去中心化交易平台(DEX)流动性的重要性。

Circle


USDC 在 DeFi 借代市场中继续发挥基础作用,Aave、Spark 和 Morpho 等协议锁定了超过 50 亿美元(代表未被借出的 USDC 供应部分)。对于 Maker(现为 Sky)等抵押债务协议,约 40 亿美元的 USDC 通过其 peg 稳定模块支持 Dai/USDS 的发行。

Circle


同样,USDC 是各种 DEX 池的关键流动性来源,促进稳定价值的交易。它还日益支撑链上外汇市场,特别是随着 Circle 的 MiCA 合规稳定币 EURC 等其他法币挂钩稳定币的兴起。

Circle


结论

USDC 的链上增长反映了市场信心的恢复,但 Circle 的文件也突显了关键挑战,特别是高昂的分发成本和对利息收入的严重依赖。为了在低利率环境中保持动能,Circle 旨在通过 Circle Mint 等主动产品线以及通过收购Token化货币市场基金的最大发行商 Hashnote 扩展Token化资产基础设施来实现收入多元化。

随着监管清晰度的提高,特别是 SEC 关于稳定币不是证券的立场,Circle 处于有利地位。但它现在面临来自 Tether 等海外发行商以及利用政策变化势头的新一波美国竞争者的日益激烈的竞争。尽管 Circle 的估值尚未确定,其 IPO 将标志着公开市场首次直接投资于稳定币基础设施增长的机会。

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Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of USDC (USDC) are presented below.

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