贝莱德CEO年度致投资者信:比特币或挑战美元全球地位

Odaily星球日报Published on 2025-04-01Last updated on 2025-04-01

Abstract

Fink揭示了现有体系的不合理之处,也指出技术与制度革新可能带来的新方向。

原文作者:Weilin,PANews

贝莱德CEO年度致投资者信:比特币或挑战美元全球地位

3 月 31 日,全球最大资产管理公司之一贝莱德(BlackRock)的首席执行官 Larry Fink 发布了一封长达 27 页的年度致投资者信。在这封信中,Fink 语气罕见地发出警告:如果美国无法控制不断膨胀的债务与财政赤字,美元赖以维持数十年的“全球储备货币的地位”,可能终将让位于比特币等新兴数字资产。

贝莱德CEO年度致投资者信:比特币或挑战美元全球地位

比特币或削弱美元储备货币地位

Fink 在这份报告的第 20 页提出了一个引人思考的问题:“比特币会削弱美元的储备货币地位吗?”

他表示,几十年来,美国一直受益于美元作为全球储备货币的地位。但这种地位并不是永远保障的。自 1989 年时报广场的“国债钟”开始计时以来,美国国债增长速度是 GDP 的三倍。今年,仅利息支出就将超过 9520 亿美元,超出国防开支。到 2030 年,强制性政府支出和债务服务将吞噬所有联邦收入,形成长期赤字。

贝莱德CEO年度致投资者信:比特币或挑战美元全球地位

公众持有的美国联邦债务占 GDP 的百分比

在警示传统金融风险的同时,Fink 也明确表示,他并不反对数字资产的发展。Link 写道:需要说明的是,我显然并不反对数字资产。但两件事可以同时为真:去中心化金融是一项非凡的创新。它让市场变得更快速、更低成本、更透明。然而,正是这项创新,也可能削弱美国的经济优势——如果投资者开始认为比特币比美元更安全。

在回顾业绩表现时,Fink 指出,贝莱德在美国推出的比特币 ETF 则成为历史上最大规模的交易所交易产品首发,在不到一年内资产管理规模突破 500 亿美元。IBIT 是整个 ETF 行业中资产吸引力排名第三的产品,仅次于标普 500 指数基金。其中,超过一半的需求来自散户投资者,四分之三来自此前从未持有过 iShares 产品的投资者。今年,贝莱德已将其比特币产品扩展至加拿大和欧洲的交易所交易产品(ETP)。

Fink 进一步指出,ETF 不仅在美国获得了巨大的成功,也正在成为推动欧洲投资文化发展的关键工具。他表示,许多首次进入资本市场的欧洲投资者,正是通过 ETF,尤其是 iShares 产品,迈出第一步。而目前,仅有三分之一的欧洲个人投资者参与资本市场投资,这一比例远低于美国的 60% 以上。这不仅让他们错失了资本市场提供的增长机会,在低利率背景下,他们的储蓄账户收益也常常被通胀侵蚀。

为提升这一比例,贝莱德正与欧洲多家成熟机构及新兴平台合作,例如 Monzo、N 26、Revolut、Scalable Capital 和 Trade Republic,共同降低投资门槛、提升本地金融素养。

唱多 RWA,直言代币化是金融未来的“高速公路”

从 ETF 延伸到当下热门的加密技术,Fink 认为,代币化正成为重塑金融基础设施的关键力量。

Link 写道,当今全球资金的流通,仍依赖于那个交易大厅里靠人声喊单、传真机还被视为革命性工具的年代所建立的“金融管道”。以环球银行金融电信协会(SWIFT)为例——它支撑着每天数万亿美元的全球交易,其运作方式更像是一场接力赛:银行们依次传递指令,每一步都仔细核对细节。在市场规模较小、交易频率较低的 1970 年代,这种接力式方法是合理的。但放到今天,继续依赖 SWIFT,就像是把电子邮件送到邮局转发一样低效。

这一系统虽然在过去合理,但如今的效率已难以支撑全球化、数字化的金融需求。

在 Fink 看来,代币化的出现将彻底改变这种低效。如果说 SWIFT 是邮政服务,那代币化就是电子邮件本身——资产能够直接、实时地流通,绕过所有中介。

Fink 进一步描绘了代币化如何深刻改变金融生态,无疑是变相看好 RWA 市场。“它是将现实世界中的资产(如股票、债券、房地产)转化为可以在线交易的数字代币。每个代币都代表你对某项具体资产的所有权,就像一份数字化的产权证明。与传统的纸质凭证不同,这些代币安全地存在于区块链上,使买卖和转让变得即时、无须繁琐的文件和等待时间。每一只股票、每一笔债券、每一个基金——每一种资产都可以被代币化。一旦实现,它将彻底革新投资方式。市场将不再需要收盘,原本需要几天完成的交易可以在几秒内结算。目前因为结算延迟而被冻结的数千亿美元资金,将能立即重新注入经济,带动更多增长。”

他表示,也许最重要的是,代币化将让投资变得更加“民主化”。代币化能实现准入的民主化。代币化允许资产碎片化持有——资产可以被分割成无数小份。这意味着原本高门槛的资产(如私人地产、私募股权)将对更广泛的投资者群体开放,极大降低了参与门槛。

代币化还能够实现股东投票的民主化。拥有股票意味着你有权对公司的股东提案进行投票。代币化使得投票更便捷,因为你的所有权和投票权都以数字方式记录,允许你从任何地方安全、无障碍地参与投票。

代币化也能够实现收益的民主化。有些投资的回报率远高于其他,但往往只有大投资者才能参与。原因之一是存在法律、运营、官僚等“摩擦”。而代币化能剥除这些壁垒,让更多人获得进入高收益领域的机会。

然而,Fink 也坦率指出,代币化的普及仍面临一项关键技术与监管挑战。“未来有一天,我相信代币化基金将像 ETF 一样成为投资者的日常配置——但前提是我们要攻克一个关键问题:身份验证。”

他表示,金融交易需要严格的身份认证。Apple Pay 和信用卡每天可以无障碍地完成数十亿次身份验证。纽约证券交易所(NYSE)、MarketAxess 等交易平台在买卖证券时也可以做到。但代币化资产将不再经过这些传统渠道,因此我们需要一种全新的数字身份验证系统。

“听起来复杂,但全球人口最多的国家——印度,已经实现了这一目标。如今, 90% 以上的印度人可以通过智能手机安全地完成交易验证。”

在这封年度致信中,Fink 还回顾了资本市场的历史发展,指出其在推动社会繁荣、帮助个人通过投资积累财富方面的重要作用。他谈到,当前仍需进一步推动金融创新,以弥合公募与私募市场之间的鸿沟,并强调了拓展投资机会的重要性,特别是让中小投资者也能参与原本只对最富有人群开放的资产类别。

尽管他也承认当前普遍存在的经济焦虑,Fink 仍试图安抚投资者,表示这类时期并不新鲜——正如历史上的情况一样,依靠人类的韧性与资本市场的力量,经济终将恢复稳定。

总的来说,Larry Fink 这封年度致投资者信,预警了美元全球储备地位的风险,也是一份关于金融未来的预测。从代币化重构资本市场,到所需要的数字身份系统的瓶颈突破,Fink 揭示了现有体系的不合理之处,也指出技术与制度革新可能带来的新方向。

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