特朗普称4月2日启动“双关税”,美国经济两大引擎或全面崩溃

深潮TechFlowPublished on 2025-03-17Last updated on 2025-03-17

Abstract

特朗普再度喊话,投资者已纷纷撤出美股,转投现金、债券、黄金及海外资产,美国经济支柱正面临严峻挑战。

作者:肖燕燕

特朗普表示,他将于4月2日开始征收广泛的对等关税和针对特定行业的额外关税。

当地时间周日特朗普在空军一号上对记者说,“在某些情况下,将对进口到美国的外国商品征收‘两种’税。他们向我们收费,我们也向他们收费,除此之外,我们还将对汽车、钢铁和铝征收额外关税。”

这番话表明,尽管最初的举措扰乱了金融市场,并使联盟关系紧张,但特朗普仍计划推进更激进的关税制度。

特朗普此前曾表示,他的政府正在准备征收他所称的对等关税,即对来自各国的进口商品征收根据本国关税和非关税壁垒计算得出的关税税率。但他也曾表示,他希望为美国的关键产业做好准备,包括汽车、钢铁、铝、微处理器和制药。目前还不清楚这些行业关税是否会被纳入对等关税制度,还是在此基础上再增加关税。

特朗普说:“4月2日是我们国家解放的日子。我们要拿回一些财富,这些财富是非常非常愚蠢的总统们送出去的,因为他们根本不知道自己在做什么。”

特朗普已对钢铁和铝征收25%的关税。他还宣布对加拿大和墨西哥商品征收25%的关税,但随后又对符合其第一任期内谈判达成的北美贸易协定(即USMCA)的商品给予一个月的延期。特朗普还表示,加拿大的能源和钾肥(一种重要的化肥)将只被征收10%的税。

对许多美国人来说,“一劳永逸”的投资时代刚刚结束了

特朗普政府混乱的关税和政府预算削减措施令大批普通投资者感到震惊,导致他们纷纷撤出美股,转而投资现金、债券、黄金和欧洲国防类股票。标普500指数一直保持着难以超越的涨幅,但在上周却跌入了调整区间,华尔街担心经济正在滑向衰退。

美国个人投资者协会(American Association of Individual Investors)的调查数据显示,看好美国股市的投资者比例目前处于2022年9月以来的最低水平。当然,很多人并没有动他们的投资组合,而是遵循标准的理财建议,避免在市场动荡时做出草率的决定。

人们的经济看法也与他们的政治倾向密切相关。一些特朗普的支持者表示,他们并不担心,甚至在寻找购买的时机。不过,这是一个突如其来的转变,因为近年来人们很容易认为股市会因为经济强劲而持续走高。

根据美国投资公司协会(Investment Company Institute)的数据,在截至3月5日的七天时间里,个人投资者向货币市场基金净增资304亿美元,是一年多来增资最多的一周。

同时,根据晨星公司(Morningstar)的数据,2月份美国实物黄金ETF净流入超过50亿美元。到上周二为止,投资者本月已再流入10亿美元。黄金价格在上周首次突破3000美元/盎司。

黄金ETF净流入

其他人则将目光投向海外。伦敦证券交易所集团的数据显示,上个月投资者向在美国注册的欧洲股票ETF投资了18亿美元。

2025年头几个月,国际市场的表现超过了美国股市。斯托克欧洲600指数今年迄今为止上涨了7.7%,德国DAX指数上涨超过15%,而标普500指数下跌了4.1%。有些人认为美国市场出现了危机迹象,有些人则认为无需担心。

股市下滑威胁美国经济支柱

美国消费支出高度依赖富裕阶层,而富裕阶层又高度依赖股票市场。投资者担心白宫咄咄逼人、瞬息万变的关税战可能会破坏经济软着陆。人们的情绪已经变得黯淡,但市场缩水可能只是连锁反应的开始,会造成更多的附带损害。

哈佛大学经济学家Gabriel Chodorow-Reich估计,在其他条件不变的情况下,2025年股市下跌20%可能会使今年的经济增长减少多达一个百分点。截至上周五收盘,标普500指数在2025年迄今为止下跌了4.1%。

股价下跌可能会抽走美国近期繁荣的两大引擎:家庭的强劲支出和企业的资本投资。

“在美国这样一个超级金融化的经济体中,资产价格可以引领经济,资产市场的下滑会造成实体经济状况疲软的风险。”英国基金管理公司Ruffer的Alex Chartres说。

根据穆迪公司(Moody's)的数据,美国收入最高的10%的人现在约占所有支出的一半,而三十年前这一比例仅为36%。

美联储最近的一项调查显示,截至2022年,收入最高的10%家庭平均每人拥有约210万美元的股票,约占其净资产的32%。2010年,股票约占这一群体平均净资产的26%。

在过去的四年中,收入最高的10%人群的支出增加了58%。涌入股票市场的不仅仅是最富有的人。先锋(Vanguard)和富达(Fidelity)的报告显示,工薪阶层对其401(k)计划的参与度和缴款额均创下新高。

美联储数据显示,截至去年年底,43%的美国家庭金融资产为股票,创下历史最高纪录。许多低收入家庭并不拥有股票,但拥有股票的比例却在继续攀升。

美国家庭拥有的股票价值

正因如此,一些经济学家担心,市场的严重衰退会促使美国人减少从度假到购买新衣服等一切开支,这种波动被称为财富效应。据德意志银行经济学家估计,如果去年股市只是保持稳定而不是反弹,那么去年的消费支出将只增长约2%,而不是由股市财富效应部分推动的3%。

一些迹象表明,消费可能已经开始下滑。包括达美航空公司、Foot Locker和杰克丹尼尔威士忌制造商布朗-福尔曼在内的公司都表示,消费者似乎更加谨慎了。1月份,零售额下降了0.9%,为2023年以来的最大单月降幅,但一些经济学家将此归咎于异常寒冷的天气。2月份的数据将于周一公布。

德意志银行首席美国经济学家Matthew Luzzetti说,如果其他方面没有什么变化,股票下跌20%可能会在2025年对消费支出产生1.2个百分点的拖累。由于消费约占国内生产总值的70%,这将对经济增长造成约0.8个百分点的拖累。

独立经济学家Phil Suttle担心,随着纳斯达克指数从高点下跌超过10%,受到惊吓的高管们可能会放弃未来几年在人工智能相关投资上花费约1万亿美元的计划。

Chodorow-Reich与两位同事在2021年的一项研究中发现,股票市场财富每变化1美元,平均会影响家庭支出约3美分。根据美联储的数据,截至去年年底,美国家庭直接或通过共同基金等产品拥有的股票超过56万亿美元,因此股市涨跌对家庭支出的影响是巨大的。

经济学家Sydney Ludvigson和Martin Lettau在2000年代初研究了财富效应。他们得出的结论是,随着时间的推移,稳定的股票收益会促进消费,但人们通常不会对市场的短期波动做出过度反应。经济学家面临的挑战是,在反弹或反转成为过去之前,你无法知道哪些反弹或反转会持续下去。

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