从关税到加密储备 特朗普到底在下怎样一盘棋?

金色财经Published on 2025-03-05Last updated on 2025-03-05

Abstract

“急不可耐”地重新达成新交易以及“击败对手”对特朗普政府来说,无疑会是最好的结论。

作者:Hedy Bi,OKG Research

3月3日晚(北京时间),美国总统唐纳德·特朗普确认对加拿大和墨西哥加征关税,于4月2日开始对等关税采取行动,使得明确希望在最后一刻与加墨促成从而避免全面关税的希望破灭。

未来仍得及消化前一天“加密战略储备”蜜糖的比特币在不到48小时内应声下跌8%。与此同时,美股也遭遇关税冲击遭遇“开门黑”,纳斯达克指数下跌2.6%。在特朗普上台仅1个多月的时间里,加密市场市值蒸发了22%,特朗普媒体与科技集团(DJT)下跌34.75%。而一直力挺特朗普的马斯克,因DOGE部门的“简单粗暴”做法以及过度涉足国际政治,也未能幸免,特斯拉股价下跌了32.87%。

特朗普的一句话正拉扯着加密市场的神经,有颇为一番“成也萧何,败也萧何”的含义。2025年,OKG Research特别是「推出特朗普经济学」专题,作者将持续追踪特朗普2.0政府对加密市场的影响。在该专题的上一篇《新一轮流动性来袭,加密市场能否借势突破新高?》中我们提出市场应关注真正的流动性(短期内可关注TGA)而非市场新闻舆论,并表明若没有真正的流动性支撑,“光说不练”的外汇上涨并不能持久。不仅如此,根据最新美国投资者最新官方数据,自2月28日,TGA账户停止了向市场注入流动性,使得TGA共向市场注入3048.9亿美元。

关税政策作为落下的第一根大棒,正对具有“美国属性”的全球风险市场为何产生了巨大冲击。解除充满破坏性的政策,特朗普1.0和2.0都对它情有独钟?本篇文章作为OKG研究2025特别专题——《特朗普经济》的第五篇,将以贸易战为框架,分析特朗普“左手关税,右翼加密”的深层内容意蕴。

关税“筹码”

特朗普上台的双边承诺十分明显,但大棒最先落下的是关税。

表面上看,特朗普加征关税是为了减少贸易赤字,提振就业和经济。但特朗普1.0的贸易战和1930年之前的关税引发的全球贸易战都表明这不是一门“好生意”。美国国会预算办公室(CBO)说明,2018-2019年贸易战导致美国损失GDP0.3%,约400亿美元。彼得森国际经济研究所的数据显示,仅2018年铝关税对美国制造业流失约7.5万个储备。此外,美企恢复国内库存,反而将生产转移至越南、墨西哥等国家(卡尼)。而其他总统实施的贸易战也未能取得好结果:1930年美国实施《斯穆特-霍利关税法》,全球贸易额恢复了约66%。美国出口幅值跌幅达67%,并引发了物价的中断导致大量失业。

关税只是开端,特朗普政府遏制制造经济不确定性,换取谈判筹码。关税博弈的核心不只是商品流动,还涉及技术抵押资本、流动和货币竞争。贸易战的本质不仅限于关税壁垒,而是对全球金融体系的深度影响。从外汇市场到股票市场,从国债全球债息到资产风险,资本市场无一幸免。

巴菲特罕见发声警告,惩罚性关税可能催生通胀,并损害消费者利益。而对实体经济预期的,将进一步加剧美联储的难题——如何在不引发严重经济结构的情况下控制通胀。消费者信心可能拖累经济,而通胀压力限制了美联储的降息空间,最终使流动性进一步紧缩,美联储陷入退谷的境地。

对于加密市场来说,全球风险资产市场情绪的参与者,加密资产的市场表现与美国科技股的波动并不相上下。无论是比特币算力的70%依赖英伟达GPU驱动的矿机,还是Coinbase、MicroStrategy等加密相关企业被纳入纳斯达克100指数,美国的金融政策和监管保障对加密市场的影响进一步深化。

相对而言,加密市场并占比是美国金融政策的衍生变量,而不是对冲工具(见 OKG Research)文章《加密市场重新定位:全球流动性陷入困境的转型之痛》,2024年7月)。未来,假设宏观预期保持不变的情况下,对于这一关税影响因素的市场反应:若其他国家选择让步,当前加密市场表现只是短期不变,中风险长期说法会利好包括美国股市纳入标有美国属性的资产,美国也将通过关税这一工具在谈判中完成自己的真实目标;若其他国家进行强有力的回应,包括且不限于用同样的关税回击,对风险资产表示歉意。

加密资产或成为非常时期的非常规范的对策

既不能实现表面上的目标,又不能让特朗普的支持者“MEGA”(巨型利益集团)受益,充满破坏性的关税政策、背后企业下跌40%却还要“硬核”表态的特朗普2.0,如何用“左手关税、前线加密资产”让美国再次伟大”?

一个多月,美国金融市场的动荡正出“国家信心”的加速流失。正如美国经济学、08年诺贝尔经济学奖得主保罗·克鲁格曼曾在他最近的博文中写到,“埃隆·马斯克和唐纳德·特朗普自五周前掌权以来,在多条战线上肆意破坏——其中包括迅速摧毁美国在世界上的影响力。美国突然将自己重新定义为一个不履行承诺、威胁总部、试图进行黑手党式勒索、民主选举的流氓国家。

而历史告诉我们,当国家信用体系开始瓦解时,资本并不会静止不动,而是会寻找新的流通方式。

回溯上世纪,日本因经济崛起导致美日贸易不平衡导致贸易困境。美国通过“广场协议”相信日元升值,重创日本出口型经济,金融体系引发动荡。资产泡沫破裂、日本政府加强调控,市场迅速寻找替代渠道,催生了黑市经济 — —黄金走私、离岸美元交易激增,外汇市场繁荣。据日经统计,日本主要城市的黑市曾多达1.7万个。这种“地下金融体系”成为传统金融体系崩溃的自发对冲。之后,又通过战需订单和货币自由化支撑其经济,造就了“一个东京可以买下整个美国”的盛景。 然而,随后的过度降息导致泡沫破裂,日本经济由盛转衰,眼见他起朱楼,宴会宾客,又眼见他楼阁。

回望历史,无论是“黑市”还是“金融自由化”,都在贸易战中扮演着关键角色。平移到此时,特朗普政府宣布建立加密资产国家储备,表面上是金融创新,实则更可能是“非常时期的非常规范的对策”。

原因有以下两点:面对美元信用恐慌,美联储货币政策走向极端,美国急需新的筹码维系全球资本信任。加密资产或许就是这枚“准金融武器”:一旦掌握战略级储备,政府将在全球流动中拥有更大操作空间;市场的“已去美元化”趋势却端倪。贸易战升级,各国势必加速非美元资产配置,以对冲美元体系风险。2025年伊始,黄金价格去攀升便是明证。在“去美元化”加速的背景下,加密资产若能维持真正的中心化,却受单一国家操纵,或将在全球金融博弈中获得新的地缘政治溢价。

特朗普2.0版对美国在全球经济体系的主导权日益凸显的态度,特朗普政府正试图打破二战以来的国际政治金融体系秩序。相比直接强化美元信用、建立加密资产储备为政府提供更多对市场的“非直接干预”手段,随着加密资产和技术的不断阻碍,未来可形成新的跨境支付体系,甚至在未来形成国家主导的加密金融网络。

在《特朗普评传》中,特朗普的家族源自德国,而他本人被形容为“斗士”,认为热情远比聪明和天赋更为重要。对他来说,“急不可耐”地达成交易、击败对手带来的愉悦感是他最大的动力。然而,在贸易战中,“急不可耐”地重新达成新交易以及“击败对手”对特朗普政府来说,无疑会是最好的结论。

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