解惑: 美联储和鲍威尔会阻止美国国家比特币储备吗?

链捕手Published on 2024-12-20Last updated on 2024-12-20

Abstract

无论以怎样的途径推进, “美联储说不”并不能一言否定 BSR 的提议,而特朗普实干家更是用行动做了支持。

作者:Jason Jiang & Hedy Bi,欧科云链

今日凌晨,美联储主席鲍威尔在货币政策会议后的新闻发布会上明确表示,美联储无意参与政府囤积比特币的任何计划。他强调,这类问题属于国会的职责范围,而美联储并未寻求改变现有法律以允许持有比特币。鲍威尔的言论立即引发市场震荡,比特币价格从周初的高点迅速回调。据信息预测市场 Polymarket,在鲍威尔演讲之后,有关于比特币战略储备的可能性从 18 日最高点 40% 下降到 34%。加密市场市值也急速下跌,总体市值蒸发约 7.5%。

图片

图片来源:Polymarket


这一表态不仅让市场对 “比特币战略储备(Bitcoin Strategic Reserve, BSR)” 的前景感到疑惑,也让人们再次聚焦于一个更深层次的问题:美联储是否真的有权阻止 BSR 计划?


首先,需要厘清美联储在美国金融体系的地位。美联储的上级机构是美国国会:国会是所有金融监管机构的最高权力机构,通过立法制定金融法规和政策,授权其他金融机构(如证监会 SEC 和美联储等)行使其职能。在美国金融市场中,货币政策和财政政策作为政府经济管理的两大核心工具,分别由美联储和财政部负责。这些机构通过相互制衡,也相互保持独立以确保美国经济金融的平稳运行。


美联储在货币政策和国家经济稳定方面享有高度独立性,但在建立 BSR 的决策中,美联储并不能 “一票否决”。


特朗普政府若想快速建立 BSR,最直接的方式是在正式就任后通过签署行政命令,指示美国财政部动用外汇稳定基金(ESF)直接购买比特币。ESF 是由美国财政部负责管理的特别基金,主要用于外汇市场干预、支持美元稳定和应对国际金融危机,目前包括美元、特别提款权(SDR)以及黄金等资产。该基金的运作不受美国国会控制,总统与财政部在其使用方面有很大自主权。总统理论上能过通过行政命令直接指示财政部调整 ESF 的资金分配方式,用于购买或储备特定资产,并绕过国会的直接拨款审批,降低政治阻力。比特币政策研究所 (Bitcoin Policy Institute) 日前起草的行政命令就是希望以这种方式建立 BSR。

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图片来源:Bitcoin Policy Institute


这种方式最容易实现,ESF 的资金使用也无需得到国会的事先审批,但国会可以通过调查或立法限制其操作。在 2020 年 COVID-19 疫情期间,国会就曾对财政部的部分基金操作提出严格限制。此外通过行政命令建立的 BSR 可持续性存疑,因为行政命令本质上是行政权力的扩展,继任者可能会通过新的行政命令废止或修改此前相关决定。


若想建立并保持 BSR 长期稳定,则需选择另一条路径,即通过国会立法,将比特币纳入《战略储备法案》或类似法律,明确比特币为国家战略储备资产的地位。这种方式合法性更强,并能为比特币储备建立长期框架。共和党参议员 Cynthia Lummis 此前提出的《美国比特币战略储备法案》就是选择了该路径。该法案目前已正式提交国会并交由参议院银行委员会审议,后续还将经过参议院、众议院以及总统审核通过,才能正式完成立法。所以通过该路径建立战略比特币储备会花费更长的时间,并可能在其中遭遇各种阻力。


无论是通过总统行政命令还是国会立法建立战略比特币储备,从目前已透露的方案来看最终都需要由财政部主导实施,而非美联储。

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图片来源:Congress.gov


除了上述方案,美联储和财政部理论上也可以选择中间路径进行比特币配置。美联储可通过公开市场操作购买比特币并将其纳入资产负债表。由于具有相对独立性,美联储的行动不需要通过国会,但需要有明确的政策框架支持其购买比特币,加之近期美联储的表态,该方案短期内实现的可能性似乎并不大。财政部则可以通过设立专门基金投资比特币作为财政投资计划的一部分,虽不改变现有法律框架,但相关融资需要国会批准。


无论以怎样的途径推进, “美联储说不”并不能一言否定 BSR 的提议,而特朗普实干家更是用行动做了支持。根据链上数据,就在鲍威尔开始演讲的两分钟内,特朗普家族的加密项目 World Liberty 悄然行动,开始买入山寨加密货币。这一幕,无疑揭示了更深层次的博弈:一方面,美联储对比特币战略储备计划的冷淡回应显现了政府对新兴资产的谨慎态度;另一方面,特朗普家族加密项目的步伐却透露出传统权力与市场创新之间的微妙角力。政府、传统金融与加密市场之间的微妙博弈,或许正是加密市场未来命运的前奏。

相关阅读:

木头姐:特朗普将带来企业并购潮,看好比特币

揭秘特朗普家族加密项目WLFI“资产包”,特朗普效应的外溢?

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