揭秘俄罗斯比特币热潮背后:「影子地区」的加密挖矿

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-12-16Last updated on 2024-12-16

Abstract

俄罗斯的「影子地区」正在进行大规模比特币挖矿,用于规避制裁和财富积累。

原文作者:Neil Barnett, RUSI

原文编译:Felix, PANews

在克里姆林宫日益孤立并专注于外国影响力行动的世界里,人们有强烈的动机从事比特币挖矿以进行跨境活动。随着俄罗斯天然气市场的萎缩,将过剩能源转化为电力,再转化为加密货币的现象逐渐盛行。自 2018/19 年以来,这种情况在俄罗斯的「影子领土」(德涅斯特河沿岸、顿巴斯和阿布哈兹)大规模发生。利用这些法律上不明确的范畴可以掩盖事实,并允许掠夺俄罗斯国家的天然气和电力资源。而且,正如典型的后苏联时代俄罗斯,私营部门的参与者进行着秘密行动。

如何将廉价能源转化为匿名货币

比特币的匿名性受到加密拥护者的质疑,他们指出比特币是可追踪的,加密货币实际上提供了前所未有的透明度。虽然这在一定程度上是正确的,但有几种方法可以掩盖踪迹以达到邪恶的目的。这些方法包括使用 Tornado Cash 等混币器来掩盖链上追踪;使用名为「The Onion Router」的暗网系统;或者干脆以现金溢价的方式从所有者手中购买离线比特币钱包。挖掘新的比特币也提供了一定程度的保护,因为代币在首次转移时没有历史记录,因此无法向调查人员提供数据。

为了挖矿,比特币网络需要计算机处理能力。由于系统是去中心化的,比特币的设计者为提供算力的一方提供激励。激励措施是将新比特币交付给为网络交易提供处理能力的节点。「比特币矿工」投资「挖矿设备」(专用服务器)来执行这些计算并生成新代币。

比特币挖矿的关键成本变量是为这些服务器供电所需的能源,这也是俄罗斯「影子领土」具有吸引力的原因之一。Nftevening.com 在 2024 年 9 月进行的研究表明,「在爱尔兰进行比特币挖矿的成本达 321, 112 美元,而在伊朗,矿工只需支付 1, 324 美元,便宜了 240 多倍」。即使比特币接近 10 万美元,诸多司法管辖区进行比特币挖矿仍然是不合算的。

德涅斯特河沿岸、顿巴斯和阿布哈兹均未跻身比特币挖矿最便宜的 10 个地区之列,因为它们都是主权政府无法控制的灰色地带。此外,这些地区获取电力的方法并未被调查所记录,调查依据的是国家公布的电力价格。如果电力成本接近于零,且相关地区未得到国际认可,则此类研究方法将失效。

灰色地带

「影子领土」德涅斯特河沿岸、顿巴斯和阿布哈兹(均处于俄罗斯的「保护」之下),为与克里姆林宫结盟的人提供了比特币挖矿的特殊机会。

德涅斯特河沿岸:使用 MGRES 发电站的能源,该发电站的燃料是俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司(Gazprom)免费提供的天然气。为吸引矿工而建立的科技园区以每千瓦时 0.043 美元的价格提供电力。

顿巴斯:自 2021 年以来一直使用燃煤电站的电力,在正常情况下,这些电力将为重工业提供电力。从扎波罗热核电站窃取的电力也可能被使用。人力资源部报告称,顿涅茨克金属厂有一个挖矿中心,此外至少还有一个,这两个中心都在联邦安全局(FSB)的保护下运营。

阿布哈兹:自 2015/16 年以来,一直使用与格鲁吉亚接壤的恩古里水电站的电力以及进口的俄罗斯电力。电力成本低至每千瓦时 0.005 美元。然而,公开来源报告显示,自 2023 年以来,阿布哈兹和格鲁吉亚本土的采矿量急剧下降。

德涅斯特河沿岸:完美的比特币挖矿环境

德涅斯特河沿岸可以获得 Gazprom 的免费天然气和大量发电能力,使其成为极具吸引力的比特币挖矿地点。

其中的关键因素是 Moldova 本土和德涅斯特河沿岸之间在天然气供应和发电方面的安排。这两个地区都通过管道接收 Gazprom 的天然气,并且这两个地区的天然气都是通过 Gazprom 与 Moldovagas 合同计费(Moldovagas 50% 的股份由 Gazprom 控制)。但是,虽然 Moldova 支付了天然气费用,但德涅斯特河沿岸的天然气名义上被加到了 Moldovagas 约 7.09 亿美元的债务中,这笔款项偿还前景不大,也存在争议。

自 2021 年 Maia Sandu 就任 Moldova 总统以来,该国减少了对这一能源的依赖。但没有变的是,德涅斯特河沿岸的天然气实际上是免费的,用于为 2, 500 兆瓦的 MGRES 发电站供电。Moldova 还依赖 MGRES 提供约 80% 的电力,这说明了原本敌对的实体之间奇怪的相互依赖关系。

这种免费能源是莫斯科的一项补贴,旨在让德涅斯特河沿岸过时、污染严重、效率低下的重工业继续运转,这些重工业包括化工、钢铁和水泥。它还提供了非常便宜的家用天然气,有助于巩固民众对当地政权的支持。

根据 Moldova 政府提供的信息,从两家实体惊人的天然气消耗量可以看出这种补贴的规模:德涅斯特河沿岸(人口 30 万)每年消耗约 20 亿立方米,而 Moldova 本土(人口 250 万)每年消耗约 10 亿立方米。在交付点,德涅斯特河沿岸的人均天然气接收量约为 Moldova 的 16 倍(然而,这一数字被德涅斯特河沿岸的部分天然气在 MGRES 工厂发电,然后出售给 Moldova 的事实所抵消)。这种情况是否会持续到 2025 年尚不清楚,因为乌克兰拒绝续签与 Gazprom 的天然气过境协议。

目前,该地点为比特币挖矿提供了近乎完美的环境。鉴于 MGRES 发电站拥有大量电力容量和免费天然气的使用权,参与比特币挖矿的动机显而易见。 2018 年,德涅斯特河沿岸地区通过了一项立法,为加速加密货币挖矿的发展提供了明确的法律基础。

2019 年,一个名为「Tehnopark OJSC」的国有采矿企业区获得大力宣传,旨在吸引外国矿工,以每千瓦时 0.043 美元的价格提供电力。这是一个极具竞争力的价格;据 BestBrokers.com 研究, 2024 年哈萨克斯坦的电价为每千瓦时 0.073 美元,美国为每千瓦时 0.127 美元。虽然目前没有可靠的数据,但德涅斯特河沿岸地区获得免费天然气的事实意味着这个价格可能是世界上最便宜的。

据 BestBrokers.com 数据,目前每枚比特币的耗电量为 854, 403 千瓦时(这一数字近年来大幅上升)。基于上述数字,这意味着德涅斯特河沿岸每枚比特币的电力成本为 36, 739 美元,而比特币约为 97, 000 美元。哈萨克斯坦的相应数字为 62, 371 美元,美国为 108, 509 美元(这个美国数字是全国平均水平;矿工可能会在电力更便宜的州运营)。

然而自 2019 年以来,几乎没有进一步的报道,该网站也不再上线,尽管它一直运行到 2022 年。这并不意味着德涅斯特河沿岸的比特币挖矿停止,而是反映了国际矿工(俄罗斯人除外)并没有像希望的那样涌向 Tiraspol。因此,考虑到战时条件和谨慎的需要,没有必要进行宣传。

Moldova 非政府组织 Anticoruptie 报告表明,主要的挖矿参与者是 Goweb International Limited 和 Tirastel GmbH。

虽然据称西方投资者参与其中,但「投资者」主要是俄罗斯人,与 Gazprom 有关(从 Gazprom 向德涅斯特河沿岸提供的部分天然气补助中受益)。

Goweb International Limited 是一个有趣的案例。Anticoruptie 报告称, 2018 年 1 月,英属维尔京群岛实体 Goweb International Ltd 花费 870 万美元购买加密挖矿设备,运送到德涅斯特河沿岸,资金通过拉脱维亚的 ABLV 银行转出。次月,美国财政部金融犯罪执法网络以与「阿塞拜疆、俄罗斯和乌克兰」有关的「制度化洗钱」为由将 ABLV 列为调查目标。 ABLV 也是 2016 年「洗钱丑闻」的核心机构,该丑闻中 Moldova 银行被盗 10 亿美元。

Anticoruptie 的报告写道:

「Goweb International Limited 是一家离岸公司,由一群来自俄罗斯的商人管理,由 Nikita Morozov 领导,是一家专门生产和营销挖矿设备的公司。

该公司的官方网站显示,其拥有 Moldova 最大的挖矿能力,为 40 MWh,相当于六到八个矿场。」

随着 2022 年 2 月俄罗斯入侵乌克兰,莫斯科在国际上销售天然气的能力减弱,俄罗斯国家将天然气转用于比特币挖矿的动机只增不减。

比特币的使用方式

有充分的理由相信,「影子国家」的比特币挖矿虽然由私营部门的参与者进行,但却是在克里姆林宫的支持下运行。在德涅斯特河沿岸,由于伊戈尔·柴卡(Igor Chaika)的直接参与,这种联系非常明显。他名义上是俄罗斯商业组织「Delovaya Rossiya」的德涅斯特河沿岸代表,但众所周知,他是该地区事实上的联邦安全局负责人。

柴卡是前俄罗斯总检察长(2006-2020 年)尤里·柴卡的儿子,他与克里姆林宫滥用司法系统密切相关。父亲目前担任普京派往车臣的拉姆赞·卡德罗夫的特使。与此同时,他的另一个儿子阿尔乔姆·柴卡是一名商人,担任卡德罗夫的「人道主义、社会和经济事务」顾问——大概这个角色让他有充足的时间追求其他兴趣。

基希讷乌的巴尔干调查报道网在 2018 年报道过,当时该地区正处于比特币挖矿的早期阶段:

「Chaika 随后告诉俄罗斯日报《Kommersant》,他希望继续推进比特币计划。「现在有了继续推进的先决条件」。「我们同意 Tiraspol 行政长官的意见,在法律生效后,当局将为我们提供项目的基础设施。我们期待他们就创建矿场的地点提出建议」。

《Wired》报道称,Chaika「表示他准备投入 4 亿卢布用于德涅斯特河沿岸的加密货币挖矿」。

根据 2024 年 8 月瑞士 SECO 对伊戈尔·柴卡(Igor Chaika)实施制裁的规定,他负责资助俄罗斯联邦安全局(FSB)在 Moldova 本土的破坏稳定活动。瑞士制裁声明称,他与负责 Moldova 事务的联邦安全局副局长德米特里·米柳京 (Dmitry Milyutin) 密切合作。此外,Chaika 与在破坏国家稳定中所起作用的 Moldova 人(包括 Ilan Shor 和 Vladimir Plahotniuc)一起被列入制裁名单,引文指出:

「Igor Chaika 是一名俄罗斯商人,负责为俄罗斯联邦安全局(FSB)旨在破坏 Moldova 共和国稳定的项目筹集资金。他扮演俄罗斯「金库」的角色,将资金输送到 Moldova 共和国的 FSB 资产,以使该国处于克里姆林宫的控制之下……」

鉴于 Chaika 自 2018 年以来在建立俄罗斯—德涅斯特河沿岸比特币挖矿合作中所发挥的作用,由此产生的比特币很可能被用来破坏 Moldova 的稳定。

使用比特币支持克里姆林宫颠覆行动的情况远远超出了 Moldova。例如,美国的一个漏洞允许 200 美元以下的政治捐款匿名。巨额款项可以自动分割并以小额捐款的形式电子转移,而加密货币则增加了一层匿名性。例如, 2020 年,特朗普竞选团队以这种方式获得了 3.78 亿美元,而拜登竞选团队筹集了 4.06 亿美元。竞选团队本身或联邦选举委员会根本无法确定这笔近 8 亿美元的资金来自何处。

2018 年,美国司法部对 Netyksho 等人提起了起诉。指控他们是 GRU(俄罗斯军事情报局) 26165 部队(更广为人知的名字是「Fancy Bear」)和 74455 部队(「Sandworm」)的成员或同伙。起诉书称该组织对 DCLeaks 和 Guccifer 2.0 事件负责:

「尽管阴谋者以多种货币(包括美元)进行交易,但他们主要使用比特币购买服务器、注册域名以及以其他方式支付黑客活动费用……

加密货币在逃避制裁和支付禁运军事装备方面同样有效。在与印度等合作伙伴合作时尤其如此,如果这些国家的银行被发现,很容易受到二次制裁。2024 年 9 月,英国《金融时报》公布了泄露的材料,详细介绍了为逃避制裁而建立印度—俄罗斯「闭路」交易路线:

Poida 概述了一项分五个阶段的计划,以帮助俄罗斯使用卢比,并建立军民两用部件的稳定供应。俄罗斯将在俄罗斯和印度公司之间建立一个「封闭的支付系统」,不受西方国家的监督,「包括使用数字金融资产」……

2024 年 11 月,美国财政部制裁了俄罗斯外贸银行公众股份公司上海分行(VTB Shanghai)和俄罗斯联邦储蓄银行新德里分行的四名员工,此举很可能是对银行界的一次警告。预计这些限制将增加比特币作为结算手段的吸引力,因为它不会让当地银行面临风险。

鉴于此分析,在俄罗斯「影子地区」进行比特币挖矿是一种不可否认的、有利可图且实际上匿名的方式,可以将大量权力转化为金钱。这些钱可以让关系密切的俄罗斯人变得富有,让他们在迪拜和土耳其等地过上富裕的生活。

同样也带来了多种威胁。这些威胁包括破坏邻国的稳定,对西方民主国家施加秘密影响,以及与印度等盟友合作,为逃避制裁提供便利。

随着乌克兰盟友继续努力限制克里姆林宫在乌克兰的非法侵略战争的资金和资源,打击这种挖矿活动是一项重要优先事项,需要付出专门的努力。这可能包括:网络战措施;针对新铸造的代币的区块链追踪,以揭露那些与俄罗斯非法活动有关的代币;对促进挖矿的数字资产平台实施制裁;制定政策,切断「影子地区」的廉价能源。西方国家的限制措施往往落后于俄罗斯的规避策略;当谈到比特币挖矿的脆弱性时,证据是显而易见的。

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Title: Is Ethereum Really a "World Computer"? Ethereum, envisioned as a "world computer" by its founder Vitalik Buterin, aims to be a decentralized platform for global applications. However, a recent analysis by Four Pillars raises questions about whether it is more accurately a "Western computer," based on the geographical distribution of its validators. Currently, the United States dominates with 38.19% of all validators, followed by Germany at 13.04%. Combined, these two countries account for over half of the network. In contrast, Asian representation is minimal, with Singapore holding only 3.15%. The concentration is partly due to affordable cloud hosting services like Hetzner and OVH in Europe and North America, as well as the prevalence of residential validators in the U.S., where individuals run nodes via home internet connections. When examining professionally operated validators, the distribution becomes more balanced. The U.S. share drops to 25.81%, while Asian countries like Singapore (7.28%), Hong Kong (6.44%), Japan (6.38%), and South Korea (4.59%) collectively approach the U.S. level. This shift reflects strategic deployments by institutions to meet regulatory requirements and reduce latency for local users. However, regions like South America, the Middle East, and Africa remain underrepresented. Ethereum's peer-to-peer network mechanisms, such as gossipsub, disadvantage areas with low node density, creating a feedback loop where delayed message propagation reduces validator performance and rewards. This imbalance challenges Ethereum's promises of censorship resistance and global accessibility. Despite these issues, opportunities exist for growth in underrepresented regions. As demand for localized staking infrastructure rises, early entrants in areas like the Middle East could establish dominant positions by offering compliant, low-latency solutions. The evolving validator landscape highlights both the structural challenges and the potential for Ethereum to move closer to its "world computer" ideal.

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Is Ethereum Truly a "World Computer"?

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What is $BITCOIN

DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): A Comprehensive Analysis Introduction to DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a blockchain-based project operating on the Solana network, which aims to combine the characteristics of traditional precious metals with the innovation of decentralized technologies. While it shares a name with Bitcoin, often referred to as “digital gold” due to its perception as a store of value, DIGITAL GOLD is a separate token designed to create a unique ecosystem within the Web3 landscape. Its goal is to position itself as a viable alternative digital asset, although specifics regarding its applications and functionalities are still developing. What is DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a cryptocurrency token explicitly designed for use on the Solana blockchain. In contrast to Bitcoin, which provides a widely recognized value storage role, this token appears to focus on broader applications and characteristics. Notable aspects include: Blockchain Infrastructure: The token is built on the Solana blockchain, known for its capacity to handle high-speed and low-cost transactions. Supply Dynamics: DIGITAL GOLD has a maximum supply capped at 100 quadrillion tokens (100P $BITCOIN), although details regarding its circulating supply are currently undisclosed. Utility: While precise functionalities are not explicitly outlined, there are indications that the token could be utilized for various applications, potentially involving decentralized applications (dApps) or asset tokenization strategies. Who is the Creator of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? At present, the identity of the creators and development team behind DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) remains unknown. This situation is typical among many innovative projects within the blockchain space, particularly those aligning with decentralized finance and meme coin phenomena. While such anonymity may foster a community-driven culture, it intensifies concerns about governance and accountability. Who are the Investors of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? The available information indicates that DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) does not have any known institutional backers or prominent venture capital investments. The project seems to operate on a peer-to-peer model focused on community support and adoption rather than traditional funding routes. Its activity and liquidity are primarily situated on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), such as PumpSwap, rather than established centralized trading platforms, further highlighting its grassroots approach. How DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) Works The operational mechanics of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) can be elaborated on based on its blockchain design and network attributes: Consensus Mechanism: By leveraging Solana’s unique proof-of-history (PoH) combined with a proof-of-stake (PoS) model, the project ensures efficient transaction validation contributing to the network's high performance. Tokenomics: While specific deflationary mechanisms have not been extensively detailed, the vast maximum token supply implies that it may cater to microtransactions or niche use cases that are still to be defined. Interoperability: There exists the potential for integration with Solana’s broader ecosystem, including various decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. However, the details regarding specific integrations remain unspecified. Timeline of Key Events Here is a timeline that highlights significant milestones concerning DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): 2023: The initial deployment of the token occurs on the Solana blockchain, marked by its contract address. 2024: DIGITAL GOLD gains visibility as it becomes available for trading on decentralized exchanges like PumpSwap, allowing users to trade it against SOL. 2025: The project witnesses sporadic trading activity and potential interest in community-led engagements, although no noteworthy partnerships or technical advancements have been documented as of yet. Critical Analysis Strengths Scalability: The underlying Solana infrastructure supports high transaction volumes, which could enhance the utility of $BITCOIN in various transaction scenarios. Accessibility: The potential low trading price per token could attract retail investors, facilitating wider participation due to fractional ownership opportunities. Risks Lack of Transparency: The absence of publicly known backers, developers, or an audit process may yield skepticism regarding the project's sustainability and trustworthiness. Market Volatility: The trading activity is heavily reliant on speculative behavior, which can result in significant price volatility and uncertainty for investors. Conclusion DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) emerges as an intriguing yet ambiguous project within the rapidly evolving Solana ecosystem. While it attempts to leverage the “digital gold” narrative, its departure from Bitcoin's established role as a store of value underscores the need for a clearer differentiation of its intended utility and governance structure. Future acceptance and adoption will likely depend on addressing the current opacity and defining its operational and economic strategies more explicitly. Note: This report encompasses synthesised information available as of October 2023, and developments may have transpired beyond the research period.

706 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

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