鲜花着锦,烈火烹油:浅析 Pendle 与空投项目的增长双飞轮

深潮Published on 2024-10-03Last updated on 2024-10-03

从交易量中可以看到,支撑起Pendle数十亿美金的巅峰TVL的,是层出不穷的ETH质押/再质押/流动性质押协议和天王级项目Ethena。

Pendle 是什么?它是如何运作的?

Pendle 的核心理念是将生息资产的未来收益进行代币化,使其可以在二级市场上自由交易。具体而言,Pendle 将生息资产(例如 stETH)拆分为:

1. 本金代币(Principal Token,PT):代表基础资产的所有权,持有PT 的用户在到期时可以赎回等值的基础资产。

2. 收益代币(Yield Token,YT):代表未来一段时间内预期产生的收益,持有YT 的用户可以提前获取这些收益。

资产拆分示意

用户在Pendle协议中可以将其拥有的生息资产SY兑换成PT+YT,这给了用户很多选择:

如果用户觉得年化收益率会下降,比如说现在Ethena协议中质押ETH并铸造USDe后,基于目前的市场行情USDe的原生收入(币本位做空的合约资金费率收入)持续下降,那么可以选择卖出YT 资产,相当于提前兑现收入。在一年到期的时候,用户可以买回 YT 资产,跟 PT 资产配对,兑换成 SY 资产;

图为ethena协议的USDe收益,在五月份之后长期处于低点(APY<5%)

如果用户觉得年化收益会上升,那么可以买入YT 资产,因为 YT 资产未来会增值。由于 YT 资产代表的是收益率,价值要比本金要便宜。比如 100 个 aUSDC 中,YT 资产价值 5 美金。这相当于,用户可以放大了 20 倍的收益;或者说,用户上了20倍的USDC杠杆。

如果用户觉得收益率会保持不动,可以提供流动性池子,为买卖PT、YT 资产的用户提供流动性。而用户可以在获得原有收益的情况下,额外获得交易手续费。

这种玩法在传统金融领域并不鲜见,无非是将生息资产的利息和本币进行拆分,然后用衍生的方式放大收益/对冲风险。

但细看Pendle协议的各个交易对的Vol,笔者发现了其存在的一些问题。

图源:app.sentio.xyz/share/lv18u9fyu1b558xf?from="-2M"&to="now"

从交易量中可以看到,支撑起Pendle数十亿美金的巅峰TVL的,是层出不穷的ETH质押/再质押/流动性质押协议和天王级项目Ethena。其代表着ETH上项目方在供给侧所做的最大的努力和最好的结果。

但时至今日,任何理性的投资人/投机客都不能否认,在2023年火爆一时的上海升级、更久远的2022年的merge所带来的质押热潮,并没有创造人们想象中的财富效应。而pendle原生设计的协议底层使得其只能让生息资产进行拆分,从源头上过滤了更可能创造财富效应的撸毛类项目(比如曾经的op、arb和aptos)。

在大家都认为是牛市开端的2024年上半年,pendle的tvl开始高歌猛进。从1月底的4亿美金不到,快速攀升至四月底的近50亿美金。如此迅猛的tvl攀升背后,既有ETHENA第一期存款和空投的活动,也有层出不穷的例如ethfi、renzo、puffer等再质押项目的活动开启。但无一例外的,这些项目在短期内给了参与质押的用户相对丰厚的回报,但在上币之后,用户们很快发现,再质押的叙事并没有被市场认可;而ethena的合成美元资产也缺乏应用的途径,同时其赖以为生的币本位做空的合约资金费率一路下行。如此种种,最后导致了整体叙事和eth的价值崩盘。

图为pendle的TVL历史变化图表,基于defilama数据

笔者并不否认pendle协议在底层逻辑上是defi领域的不小的创新,虽然其前身是传统金融行业早已出现的衍生品。但将生息资产做拆分以获得更稳定或更高的回报的底层逻辑在今后较长的一段周期内仍然是市场上的刚需产品。

但对于pendle的代币来说,其目前20亿美金不到的tvl支撑起了其6个多亿的市值和超过10亿美金的TVL;而在可预见的未来其TVL还会继续下降。

Pendle的代币经济学本身依赖于通过协议拆分后的生息资产所组成的新的LP池。

VePENDLE 是 Pendle 的治理代币,将 PENDLE 质押会获得 VePENDLE,持有 VePENDLE 可以参与 Pendle 的管理和投票,同时分享 Pendle 协议的收入。VePENDLE 的持有者获得的收入包括:从YT 收取的利息(大约 3% )和到期的 PT 奖励(在 PT 到期后未及时赎回而产生的多余的收入)构成 VePENDLE 的基础 APY;VePENDLE 投票者还有权从投票池中获得 80% 的互换费用;将VePENDLE 存入 LP 池中提供流动性,则会在 LP 池中获得 PENDLE 的奖励,所以收益也将进一步提高,最多可将收益提高 250% 。在将PENDLE 质押后获得的 VePENDLE 将在一段时间(最长两年)内线性解锁。获取PENDLE 方式:将 LST 或者原生资产代币存入选择的 PT 的 LP 池中获得奖励,或将 VePENDLE 存入 LP 池中提供流动性获得奖励。

试想,当YT资产(收益代币)长期年化为负数,PT资产长期年化低于10%甚至5%;同时生息资产的原项目一个接一个的走向最重的LIST时刻——当收益从直面数字变成真实的用户手中的token时,又有多少人会再将其投入pendle的协议、来赚取少得可怜的年化收益呢?

图为笔者成稿时pendle的交易对(以流动性排序)

就让笔者用瓦格纳在《尼伯龙根的指环》里所写的一句话作为结尾吧。

年轻的王后还不知道,命运赠与的一切礼物,早已在暗中标好了价格。

Reference

Pendle

app.sentio.xyz/share/lv18u9fyu1b558xf?from="-2M"&to="now"

Pendle - DefiLlama

PENDLE :严重被低估的DeFi新龙头_资讯-odaily

Pendle项目研究分享_资讯-odaily

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