如何审视加密项目的基本面?

链捕手Published on 2024-09-04Last updated on 2024-09-04

作者:Will,Generative Ventures

如果市场值得尊重并且均值回归,那么长期来看,市场不会给没有基本面的项目称重,因此在比特币集中度进一步抬升的趋势下,市场会经历一波痛苦的回归基本面的纠正,无论一级还是二级都将回归基本面投资;但似乎在加密领域,投资人并不擅长基本面投资,甚至谈论基本面似乎是一个很没劲儿也没有共识的事情;因此,本文就试图来拆解一下,并提出一个加密领域很有意思的新角度:“基本面悖论”?

我们基金看待项目的基本面(Fundamentals),其实只有三个:

1.项目营收能力(Project Revenue)

2.生态经济体系(Ecosystem Scale)

3.用户社会价值(Social User Value)

具体如下:

1、项目营收能力(Project Revenue)

这是项目方作为产品和服务提供者,直接向用户或客户直接或者间接收取的费用作为收入。这是最容易被传统投资人和金融体系理解的基本面,但只适用于少部分有项目收入的项目。

典型的比如 Tether 和 Circle 作为稳定币发行商赚取的美元存款的息差,Uniswap 项目方收取的前置手续费,AAVE 收取的手续费(用来销毁代币的大部分),Chainlink 向合作项目方收取的数据服务费,Opensea 收取的 NFT 交易的手续费,STEPN 收取的市场交易版税;这些收入规模从数千万美金到数十亿美金之多。这里面最强的是稳定币发行商,Defi Protocol 次之,NFT 资产交易所有高有低。

项目营收能力越大,意味着项目方越不依赖卖币求存,对于币价长期的支撑有帮助,否则大家会盯着基金会们财务持续审视,比如之前 Polkadot 和近期对于以太坊基金会预算的审视;同时有稳定的收入也意味着稳定的预算支出,对于人才稳定和产品研发迭代也有帮助。有项目收入也意味着有一定的股权价值,因此也会有传统的股权治理结构,如果董事会和股东会尽职,那么这类项目的企业治理也会更好。

这部分收入的估值模型,参照股权项目的估值模型即可,如果是 SaaS,就有相对应的 PS 或者 PE 倍数,如果是金融类手续费收入或者息差收入,那么可以对标传统金融中卡组织或者银行资管类上市公司的指标去看;估值倍数的溢价,通常也是基于增长预期,但如果有溢价却没有增长预期,那么早晚会泡沫破裂均值回归,也不用惊讶。

2、生态经济体系(Ecosystem Scale)

这部分收入不直接给到项目方,而是由区块链网络中的其他利益方获得。

典型的比如 BTC 的矿工收入,ETH 的质押者节点收入,Tron 的质押者节点收入等,每年链上结算的 20 万亿美金的稳定币和大量智能合约交易,每年给以太坊生态带来 10-20 亿美金的生态体系收入,也给 Tron 带来 1-5 亿美金的生态体系收入;这个特别像是 VISA 和 Mastercard 把它们的交易手续费直接分给了所有股东一样

生态经济越强,是交易活跃度和交易量的结果,是该生态作为一个金融体系和服务实力的体现;我们可以用生态体系收入除以总交易额,来看待这个网络为了满足交易,拉着生态一起提供服务的总成本是多少。有趣的是,加密网络的交易成本在宏观上看,只有 1-2 个基点,是传统金融入 VISA 和 SWIFT 银行体系的百分之一,非常高效,这也是为什么我们认为稳定币交易结算是过去 5 年来加密行业最基础的基本面之一;同时,一些项目方自己也可以参与到生态经济中来获得收入,提升项目方本身财务上的可持续性,是一种变向获得收入的方式,也可能是生态早期自己下场冷启动的结果。

这部分收入的估值模型,就比较难以捉摸。如果单看质押节点的股权价值,就按照其资产收益率来看,相当于给一个定存基金管理规模去做股权估值,也不是不可以。但这不是在给整个网络估值。当然也可以用比较估值法,比如 VISA 一年处理 15 万亿美金的交易规模,市值 5000 亿美金,同比以太坊每年处理 10 万亿美金的交易规模,市值 2800 亿美金,这样看的话,确实是合理,也是我们比较推崇的一个角度,就是看这个生态支持了多大的交易规模,而不是看这个生态从交易中拿走了多少手续费。

这就回到了一个问题:生态收入越大,就一定是越有价值吗?这是本文要探讨的最重要的一个悖论,答案是不一定。因为区块链网络相比于传统金融体系最重要的 PMF 之一,就是综合手续费低;说白了,就是传统金融体系从人们的经济活动中拿走的 take rate 太高了,区块链要革这个命,因此如果在同等安全和信任条件下,以越低的手续费来支撑越高的交易额,才是行业立足的正解,也是对传统金融体系进攻的杀手锏。

3、用户社会价值(Social User Value)

这是最有趣的基本面。它体现为该项目的正外部性,有巨大的用户量或者用户使用价值,被用户认可的存在的意义;有点类似于财务基本面之外的商誉(Goodwill),虽不精确。

这是我们的信仰,即这个世界存在一种没有商业模式,但有巨大用户价值的公共物品;或者说,尽管用户量巨大,也可以通过商业变现,但是为严重损害用户体验,甚至因为商业驱动的企业治理本身也会给这类公共物品的治理带来扭曲;那么这一类项目,其实可以通过发币来定价,说白了,就是如何给有巨大价值的公共物品定价。

前提是,有人用,有很多人用,用的人很认可。(别扯那些叙事驱动的没人用的东西,早晚扑街)

举个例子,Wikipedia 没有一个定价,每年几亿美金的捐助来存活,如果 Wikipedia 发币,虽然没有上述的项目收入和生态收入,但是市场可以给到一个估值,其实这就相当于人们在给 Wikipedia 的 Goodwill 定价,并且 Wikipedia 每年通过卖币获得收入用于运营,相当于 Token holder 给 wiki 捐赠了。对于 wiki,5000 万美金市值是不是低了?50 亿是不是高了?这就是纯粹按用户对于 wikipedia 的社会价值来给到的价格了。其实 BTC 本身就是一个巨大的 goodwill 定价,这是社会给到“技术性稀缺”“抗监管”“安全”这些要素的一个综合定价。

因此,我甚至觉得用户社会价值导向的项目,可以不是金融视角的,也甚至不必须是区块链项目,比如可以是 AI 角度的,可以是社交网络,甚至可以是消费品。但是,重点来了,必须有人用,wikipedia 不止是几亿月活用户哟,而不是一个叙事驱动的什么去中心化 AI。这就又回到了一个基本问题,没有人用的但只有意识形态正确的产品,有没有价值?我认为很难。因为价值是人赋予的,首先得有用户。

所以大家一起看看,这个世界上,有哪些是,用户量巨大,但没有很好的商业模式,社会价值却很大的事情,这些可以考虑 Tokenization。

最有意思的来了,以上三者(项目收入,生态收入,用户价值),其实是一个“三体运动”,互相加强也会互相排斥,尤其是互相排斥。

并非生态经济体系越大,社会价值越大的,因为如果费率太高,那么就和传统金融一样摩擦了。

并非只有用户社会价值,完全不顾及项目收入和生态收入,那么二级市场的抛压很大,需要很强的捐助意愿支撑了。

如果项目收入很大,其他两个都不管,那么最终也会有反噬,比如现在的稳定币发行商就会有这个挑战。

这个三体运动关系,也是为什么很难从单一角度给加密项目估值的原因。其实 ABC 的顺序,相对传统和股权视角,CBA 的顺序来看,就比较创新和公共视角,无论哪个视角,三个基本面都没有的项目,是不可能支撑长期价值的。

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