L2 中心化是区块链的定时炸弹

币界网Published on 2024-08-21Last updated on 2024-08-21

币界网报道:

作者:Tom Ngo 来源:blockworks 翻译:善欧巴,

随着区块链技术的迅速发展,Layer-2(第 2 层)解决方案逐渐成为以太坊网络的重要组成部分。然而,这些解决方案的核心组件——排序器的中心化问题,正逐渐显露出严重的风险,破坏了区块链去中心化的基本原则。为了维护网络的完整性,并防止信任被侵蚀,紧急过渡到能够更好地消除单点故障的去中心化模型势在必行。

如果不及时采取行动,不仅会危及网络安全,还会使整个生态系统面临严重威胁,例如交易审查、安全漏洞以及客户数据和资金的潜在泄露。

Layer-2 的发展与中心化问题的浮现

自 2024 年第二季度以来,构建在以太坊网络上的 Layer-2 解决方案处理的交易量已平均比基础层高出 12 倍。6 月 6 日,Layer-2 生态系统的总锁定价值(TVL)更是升至490亿美元的历史新高,这表明这些“执行”网络的采用率正在不断提高。然而,随着这些解决方案的普及,排序器操作的中心化问题也变得愈发紧迫。

排序器是Layer-2解决方案中的关键组件,负责在交易到达以太坊主网之前对其进行排序和批处理。它们通过确定多笔交易同时发生时的交易顺序来管理数据流。然而,许多此类工具目前面临着由单一实体控制的风险。虽然这种集中化可以加快交易处理速度,但它也带来了重大缺陷,如审查风险。

当今领先的 Layer-2 解决方案大多依赖于“中心化”排序器,这通常意味着由构建 Rollup 的公司自行负责其排序操作。例如,仅在 2024 年 3 月,Coinbase 的 Base 网络就基于排序器费用为公司创造了 3000 万美元的营业收入,这一数字年化约为 3.6 亿美元。这种集中控制引发了人们对区块链去中心化原则的担忧。

去中心化:Layer-2 的未来发展方向

Galaxy Digital 研究副总裁 Christine Kim 强调,去中心化不应被视为一种二元状态,而应被视为一个范围,中心化影响力应保持在最低限度。她认为,“去中心化的排序器可能是 Rollup 最难实现的举措之一”,但提高去中心化程度和弹性对于Layer-2的长期发展至关重要。

Consensys 支持的 zkEVM Rollup Linea 的用户最近遭遇了高达 260 万美元的损失,项目开发团队决定暂停排序器并“审查攻击者地址以保护用户和建设者”。此次事件凸显了去中心化的重要性,以及排序器中心化所带来的危险。去中心化的排序器可以消除单点故障,使网络更能抵御攻击和技术故障,真正体现区块链技术的核心价值——透明度和效率。

去中心化排序器的实践与挑战

目前,大多数第 2 层解决方案已开始认识到分布式控制的好处。通过利用验证者和区块生产者网络,Layer-2 解决方案可以随机选择和轮换排序器节点。这种方法不仅在保持高性能的同时,确保了公平、安全的排序过程,还大大降低了审查或操纵的风险。

以太坊创始人 Vitalik Buterin 最近提出了一个汇总网络的分类系统——从阶段 0 到阶段 2,表达了他对去中心化排序器的重要性的信念。他认为,当今大多数领先的汇总都依赖某种形式的“训练轮”,而未来,Layer-2 必须摆脱这些临时措施,否则将面临停滞的风险。

虽然去中心化排序器的实现具有挑战性,但其为项目及其社区带来的长期优势是显而易见的。通过降低安全成本,启动良性循环,更多的社区参与将增强网络安全性,吸引更多的 dApp 和创新者,进而推动整个生态系统的发展。

展望未来:从中心化到去中心化

序列器去中心化的实现不仅关乎技术,也与行业参与者和贡献者的价值分配密切相关。序列器挖矿等收入共享模式将有助于提高用户留存率,并在社区参与、网络安全和生态系统发展之间建立直接联系。在比特币的第二层中,去中心化序列器提供挖矿奖励的趋势也逐渐成形。

展望未来,以太坊第 2 层生态系统必须跨越单一网络的局限,推动多网络的去中心化排序器过渡。这一过渡对于维护区块链技术的完整性至关重要。已建立的 Layer-2 解决方案应迅速采取行动,避免过时并确保用户的安全。

综上所述,去中心化排序器不仅是Layer-2生态系统健康发展的关键,也是确保整个区块链生态系统安全与可持续性的根本保障。在未来的去中心化之路上,Layer-2 解决方案需要以此为目标,不断推进技术进步,优化治理结构,真正实现区块链的核心价值。


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