观点:Layer 2 中心化是区块链的一颗定时炸弹

深潮Published on 2024-08-21Last updated on 2024-08-21

未来,以太坊 Layer 2 生态系统不能仅依赖某一个网络来实现排序器去中心化。

撰文: Daranee Ganesh

编译:比推 BitpushNews Scott Liu

Layer-2 解决方案的排序器如今过于中心化,给整个区块链行业带来了巨大的隐患。如果不及时采取措施,区块链的去中心化原则将受到威胁,信任危机也将随之而来。为了维护网络的安全性,Layer-2 项目必须尽快推动转型,消除单点故障。

如果不及时应对,网络安全将受到严重威胁,整个生态系统将面临包括交易审查、安全漏洞,甚至客户数据和资金泄露等一系列问题。

自 2024 年第二季度以来,基于以太坊网络的 Layer-2 解决方案处理的交易量已经达到以太坊主网的 12 倍。此外,Layer-2 生态系统的总锁仓价值(TVL)在 6 月 6 日创下历史新高,达到了 490 亿美元。这些数据说明,Layer-2 网络的普及速度在不断加快。然而,随着普及率的上升,新的问题也随之而来——排序器操作的中心化现象日益严重。

排序器是 Layer-2 网络中至关重要的部分,负责将交易提交到以太坊主网之前进行排序和打包。然而,这种高效操作却是以去中心化的丧失为代价的,排序器正逐渐变成一把「双刃剑」。

在以太坊的 Layer-2 解决方案中,排序器负责管理交易数据流,当多个交易同时发生时,排序器决定哪个交易先处理。这一过程往往由单一实体控制,虽然能够提升交易处理效率,但也为审查和操控带来了巨大的风险。

这些担忧并非空穴来风。如今大多数主流 Layer-2 解决方案依赖的都是中心化排序器,通常是由构建这些 rollup 的公司自行管理。例如,数据显示,Coinbase 旗下的 Base 网络在 2024 年 3 月仅通过排序器费用就为公司创造了 3000 万美元的收入,年化收入可达约 3.6 亿美元。

在一个日益去中心化的行业中,信任应被最小化,而由单一公司控制区块链关键操作这一现象自然会引发广泛质疑。

Galaxy Digital 的研究副总裁 Christine Kim 表示,去中心化不应被简单地理解为二元对立的概念,而应该是一个光谱,且应尽可能减少集中化的影响。她强调:「推动去中心化排序器的实现可能是 rollup 项目中最具挑战性的任务之一,但也是提高去中心化和增强弹性的关键所在。」

最近,Consensys 支持的 zkEVM rollup Linea 用户遭遇了 260 万美元的损失。更令人震惊的是,项目开发团队一致决定暂停排序器操作,并「屏蔽攻击者的地址,以保护用户和开发者的利益」。

这一事件凸显了排序器中心化的潜在危害,也警示我们去中心化的重要性。通过去中心化排序器,网络能够有效消除单点故障,增强对攻击和技术故障的抗风险能力。这不仅能提升网络的安全性,还更加契合区块链技术的核心价值,尤其是在透明度和效率方面。

值得庆幸的是,大多数 Layer-2 解决方案已经开始意识到去中心化的必要性。通过引入验证者和区块生产者的网络,Layer-2 解决方案可以实现排序器节点的随机选择和轮换。这些节点共同承担交易排序和打包的责任,极大地提升了网络的安全性和抗压能力。

这种去中心化的排序机制不仅确保了排序过程的公平性和安全性,还在不降低性能的前提下,显著减少了审查和操控的风险。这一举措鼓励了更多的社区参与,并在网络与用户之间建立了利益一致性,从而更好地贯彻了区块链的核心原则。

最近,Vitalik Buterin 提出了一种 rollup 网络的分类系统,将其划分为从第 0 阶段到第 2 阶段,他认为目前大多数领先的 rollup 项目仍然依赖某种形式的“训练轮”。

展望未来,Layer-2 解决方案必须迅速摆脱这些临时性措施,否则将面临停滞不前甚至被淘汰的风险。虽然中心化无疑在短期内带来了可观的经济效益和操作便利,但它更多的是服务于运营方的利益。与之相对,去中心化虽然挑战重重,却能为项目及其社区带来长期的稳定和发展。

这种“自我强化模式”不仅减少了安全成本,还启动了一个良性循环。社区参与度的提升带来了更多的质押,从而进一步增强了网络的安全性,吸引了更多的去中心化应用和创新者。

此外,排序器去中心化后的去中心化交易所(DEX)资金流入的稳步增长也表明,只要激励机制到位,用户完全能够接受轻微的延迟增加。除了通过流动质押等机制提升安全性,去中心化排序器还将行业参与者和贡献者的利益与生态系统的成长紧密联系在一起。

例如,排序器挖矿的收入分享模式有效提高了用户的参与度,建立了社区参与、网络安全与生态系统成长之间的直接联系。随着技术原型的日益成熟,甚至比特币 Layer-2 网络也开始通过去中心化排序器提供挖矿奖励。

未来,以太坊 Layer-2 生态系统不能仅依赖某一个网络来实现排序器去中心化。跨多个网络实现去中心化是确保区块链技术完整性的关键。已经建立的 Layer-2 解决方案必须迅速采取行动,以避免被市场淘汰,并确保用户的安全。

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