Unisat 明牌支持，比特币扩容方案 Fractal 轻解读

链捕手Published on 2024-08-14Last updated on 2024-08-14

扩展问题一直是 BTC 生态发展的重点方向，但随着板块整体热度下降，渐渐地包括各种拓展方案在内的诸多 BTC 生态创意项目也淡出人们视野，但在浮躁的市场情绪背后，“still working”仍是诸多项目团队状态的贴切表述。

昨日，由 UniSat 提供支持的基于 BTC 核心代码的原生扩展方案 Fractal 开放官方领水通道，结合之前 Unisat 将于 9 月推出 Fractal Bitcoin 的消息，小编不由得对这个项目产生一些兴趣，于是去 Fractal 官网看了看，大致了解这个项目的特别之处。

原汁原味，基于 BTC 主链的“正统”改进？

根据官方的自我介绍，Fractal Bitcoin 通过使用 BTC 核心代码在 BTC 主链上递归创建无限拓展层来提高交易处理能力和速度，同时保持与现有比特币生态系统的完全兼容性。

简而言之，Fractal 就是在沿用 BTC 核心代码的基础上进行拓展，具有以下特性：

  1. 交易速度快：Fractal 网络的区块确认时间约为 30 秒，交易处理能力是 BTC 主链的 20 倍。

  2. 原生兼容：Fractal Bitcoin 基于 BTC 核心代码开发，所以完全兼容现有的比特币钱包、工具和矿工设备。

  3. 动态调整：基于 BTC 主链的递归系统能够根据网络拥堵程度自动调整扩展层的数量。

  4. 安全可追溯：所有在 Fractal 网络上进行的交易最终都可以追溯到比特币主链。

既要保持主网的正统性，又要从多个方面提高处理效率，Fractal 具体是怎么实现的？

多层扩展机制

Fractal 利用递归扩展层的巧妙设计来提高 BTC 交易的吞吐量。基于 BTC 主链之上创建了多个层级的扩展层，形成一个树状的递归结构。这种结构允许每一层都能进一步扩展的“分叉模式”，增加整个网络的并行处理能力。

当主链上的交易量增加时，Fractal 会自动将一部分交易分流到上层。每一层都能独立处理交易，而且可以根据网络需求动态地增加或减少扩展层的数量。在高峰期，它可以快速创建新的层级来应对突增的交易量，这种动态扩展能力使得网络能够灵活应对不同的负载情况。

Cadence Mining

Fractal 采用与比特币相同的 PoW 共识机制，BTC 矿工可以用当前的 ASIC、GPU 和其他已有的硬件无缝转换到 Fractal 区块挖矿。

为了拓展参与挖矿用户的多样性，Fractal 提出合并挖矿机制 Cadence Mining（节奏挖矿），将 无许可挖矿（Permissionless mining）和 合并挖矿（Merge mining）两种挖矿模式相结合，以每 3 个区块为一个周期，其中 2 个区块通过「无许可挖矿」产生，1 个区块通过「合并挖矿」产生。

为了方便理解，这里简单解释一下两种挖矿方式：「无许可挖矿」允许任何拥有合适工具和硬件的人开采 Fractal 区块，类似于 BTC 的开采方式；而「合并挖矿」专门针对 BTC 矿工，允许矿工同时挖掘 BTC 区块和 Fractal 区块而不需要占额外的算力。

重新应用 OP_CAT

Fractal Bitcoin 重新应用了 OP_CAT，这是 BTC 早期版本中曾经存在但后来被禁用的一个操作码。OP_CAT 允许将两个字符串连接在一起，一个使用 OP_CAT 的脚本可以将 1 字节的值扩展为超过 1 TB 的数据，这种可以产生巨大数据的能力可能被攻击者用来进行 DoS 攻击，导致节点崩溃或网络拥塞。由于在早期版本中尚未对 OP_CAT 的攻击性出现有效的限制机制，所以 OP_CAT 一直被禁用，直到 Tapscript 通过将堆栈元素的大小限制在 520 字节内，才算有效解决这个问题。

如今，经过“净化”的 OP_CAT 操作码成为开发者的有力工具，开发者更容易地处理大整数，增强 BTC 的脚本能力。

进一步说，重新拿起 OP_CAT 为 BTC 生态带来更多开发可能，链上应用、智能合约等更多样的链上采用可能性得以在 BTC 主链落地生根。

小结

当前 Fractal 官方开启了领水通道与测试页面，但可能由于撸毛大军太过热情，水龙头页面已经被冲爆了一直报错，暂时领不到水，且本次的测试币会在北京时间 8月13日16点 刷新重置，之后也会正式上线测试网，所以想要参与的读者也不必太过着急。

回归项目本身，不管是从项目理念还是实现机制上看，似乎一直在坚持基于 BTC 主链“正统性扩展”的 Fractal 确实以有创意的机制来实现 BTC 的原生拓展。而未来的广泛采用、安全性的长期验证以及与现有的 BTC 生态的整合完善都需要经历不断地自我迭代和持续的时间检验，希望 Fractal 能始终如一，在浮躁的加密世界中 keep going。

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