4Alpha Research:一文读懂美国比特币持有者画像——人口、政治与道德的深度剖析

币界网Published on 2024-08-14Last updated on 2024-08-14

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4Alpha Research研究员:0xamuel

近期,The Nakamoto Project 发布了一份关于美国比特币持有者的研究报告。该报告从人口特征、政治倾向和道德基础三个方面分析了美国比特币的采用情况,旨在探讨除了标准人口统计数据外,可能影响比特币持有和态度的其他因素。

要点总结

  • 年轻男性更倾向于持有比特币:比特币持有者通常较年轻且以男性居多,但在其他方面,如种族、民族、收入、教育和金融素养上,他们与美国人口总体相似。

  • 比特币持有与政治因素无关:尽管美国不同政党对比特币的态度差异显著,The Nakamoto Project 预期这种差异可能会导致极端的结果,例如保守派和自由派可能更愿意持有比特币。然而,调查结果显示,比特币持有情况与政治倾向之间没有显著关系。美国的比特币持有者在不同政治背景下的数量基本相同。

  • 比特币持有者的价值观:调查使用道德基础理论(Moral Foundations Theory)来分析比特币持有者的价值观和身份认同。结果显示,比特币持有情况与特定的道德基础没有明显相关性。相比之下,比特币持有更多地受到对比特币概念的理解、对其协议和资产的认可,以及对比特币的道德感知的影响。

研究背景

尽管比特币已是家喻户晓的名词,关于比特币持有者的信息却相对有限。虽然约95%的美国人知道比特币这一概念,约1/7的美国人目前拥有比特币,但详细的数据仍然稀缺。

虽然其他机构也曾进行过类似方向的研究,但这些研究通常存在一些局限性,例如样本量较小、研究范围过于宽泛或仅关注于少数几个指标。此外,大多数研究主要讨论的是加密货币整体,而非专注于比特币。因此,The Nakamoto Project 在这份报告中特别聚焦于比特币,并且将研究范围限制在美国。

为了探讨比特币在美国的普及情况,The Nakamoto Project 与 Qualtrics 合作,调查了 3,538 名成年美国人。这次调查旨在收集关于受访者的人口统计信息、道德倾向及他们对比特币的态度。数据的收集分为两个阶段:初始样本在 2023 年 11 月收集,共包含 3,022 名受访者;补充样本在 2024 年 3 月收集,增加了 516 名受访者,重点是探讨比特币 ETF 对公众认知的影响。

人口统计特征分析

The Nakamoto Project 的研究发现,美国的比特币持有者群体是非常多元化的。在种族、民族、宗教、婚姻状况、收入、教育水平或金融素养方面,比特币持有者与非持有者之间没有显著差异。从人口统计学的角度来看,这两个群体在大多数指标上表现相似。然而,比特币持有者在年龄和性别上有显著的不同:他们更倾向于年轻和男性

下图展示了按性别和年龄划分的比特币持有者比例。而从 Block 的一项调查中发现,这种性别上的不平衡现象在国际样本中不太明显,仅在美国的研究中表现得较为突出。

政治倾向对比特币持有者的影响

从政治角度看,比特币持有者与非持有者没有显著差异。尽管比特币自问世以来一直受到各政治派别的批评,近年来尤其受到政治左翼的攻击,而其最坚定的支持者往往是共和党人和自由意志主义者,这使得许多人误以为比特币是一种右翼或自由意志主义现象。结果是,许多人认为民主党人或自称自由派的人不太可能拥有比特币。

为衡量比特币持有者的政治倾向,The Nakamoto Project 设计了五个问题,探讨受访者在总体政治立场、社会问题、经济问题和对自己政治立场的自我定位。尽管受访者对这些问题的回答有所不同,结果表明,比特币持有者的政治分布与非持有者非常相似,大多数人都集中在政治光谱的中间位置。相较于非持有者,比特币持有者更有可能认为自己处于极端位置,具体表现为更多的人认为自己是非常自由派(+5.7%)或非常保守派(+2.3%)。

为了更加明确受访者的政治倾向,The Nakamoto Project 要求受访者对自己进行 1-10 的数字打分,分数越低代表越自由,反之越保守。再次如同非持有者一样,比特币持有者在各个分值均有出现,并更有可能在更极端的分段出现。但就结果来看,比特币持有者和非持有者在这一量表上没有显著区别。令人惊讶的是,自称非常自由派的受访者最有可能拥有比特币(21.9%),其次是非常保守派(17.6%),而中间派的持有比例最低(14.3%)。

唯一显著的差异是,自由意志主义者更有可能持有比特币,尽管他们在整个受访者中所占比例非常小(仅3%)。总体来看,比特币持有者在政治上的分布与整体美国人口没有显著差异。政界人士、媒体精英和社交媒体用户关于比特币所有权的政治化言论往往是误导性的,比特币所有权与政治因素没有直接关系

道德基础与比特币持有者的关联

The Nakamoto Project 假设道德基础可能预测是否持有比特币,为了验证这一假设,他们采用了道德基础理论。该理论提出,人类的道德推理虽然是天生的,但会随着后天的学习发生变化。该理论最初提出了五个核心道德基础:公正、关爱、忠诚、权威和圣洁,后来增加了第六个基础——自由。不同文化和政治意识形态对这些基础的重视程度不同,这种差异可以解释人们在道德和政治上的不同倾向。例如,自由派更重视公正和关爱,而保守派则更平均地重视所有六个基础。

在这次调查中,为了明确比特币持有者在道德基础方面是否更类似于自由派或保守派,The Nakamoto Project 要求受访者对不同的陈述进行 1 到 7 的打分,数字越大代表同意程度越高。比如,有关“关爱”的一条陈述是“关心遭受痛苦的人是一种重要的美德。” 调查结果表明,自由派和保守派在道德基础上的确存在一定差异,但并不像我们一直以为的那样有巨大的差异,反而十分相似。

值得注意的是,比特币持有者呈现出一个独特的特征,即更加关注文化自由和平等;在圣洁和忠诚上与保守派相当,在关爱上与自由派相当,而在经济自由和权威主义上则处于自由派和保守派之间。

因此,我们可以得出结论,虽然比特币持有者在道德基础上的表现并不完全符合传统的自由派或保守派分类,但他们更倾向于自由派的价值观,尤其在自由和公正方面。同时,他们在其他道德基础上的立场则介于自由派和保守派之间,这表明比特币持有者在道德取向上具有独特的多元性和复杂性

影响比特币持有的关键因素

尽管人口特征、政治倾向和道德基础与是否持有比特币的关系不大,但调查中发现了四个关键认知显著影响了一个人是否持有比特币:

  1. 对比特币底层技术的信任:包括对其安全性和准确性的信任。

  2. 对比特币的知识:包括当前对比特币的了解和对比特币新闻的关注程度。

  3. 比特币的实用性:相信比特币在日常交易或投资中的实用性。

  4. 对比特币的道德感知:认为比特币技术和使用者是道德的,并相信比特币能改善社会。

受访者被要求对这些认知相关的陈述表示同意或不同意。例如,针对信任的陈述是“我相信区块链是100%准确的。”调查结果显示,比特币持有者和非持有者在这些方面存在明显差异。比特币持有者普遍对其技术更有信心,并认为比特币在道德上是积极的。而非持有者则表现出不信任或中立的态度。

这些认知因素是决定是否持有比特币的关键。了解比特币技术会增强对其网络的信任,进而相信其实用性,并意识到其可能带来的社会效益。这些因素可能激励个人购买或投资比特币。相反,也可能是由于个人首先购买比特币并将其视为投资,随着价值增长,他们对比特币背后技术的兴趣增加,进而更认同其实用性和道德性。虽然无法确定是哪种路径导致这种认知变化,但整体效果是正向的,且因果关系可能是双向的。

结论

过去,人们常常认为比特币持有者的政治倾向影响了他们的选择,然而调查显示,比特币持有者的政治立场并没有明显的偏向。无论是自由派、保守派还是中间派,所有群体中都存在比特币持有者。唯一显著的人口统计差异在于比特币持有者更年轻且以男性为主。

研究表明,比特币的拥有与特定的社会或政治身份无关,而与个体的知识水平和对比特币的认知密切相关。比特币持有者往往是那些对技术有深入了解、认为其有实际用途、值得信赖并且在道德上可接受的人群。这种积极的态度驱使他们持有比特币,而非简单的政治或社会认同。

最终,这表明比特币的普及并非局限于某个特定的政治派别或社会群体,而是受到个人对技术理解和接受程度的驱动。这也意味着,比特币的未来发展潜力取决于公众对其价值和用途的认识,而非政治分歧。

本文内容仅用于信息分享,不对任何经营与投资行为进行推广与背书,请读者严格遵守所在地区法律法规,不参与任何非法金融行为。不为任何虚拟货币、数字藏品相关的发行、交易与融资等提供交易入口、指引、发行渠道引导等。

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