UTXO绑定:详解BTC智能合约方案RGB、RGB++和Arch Network

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-08-11Last updated on 2024-08-11

Abstract

随着更多开发者加入,比特币生态将继续发展,UTXO绑定方法可能成为扩展编程方式的关键。

介绍

比特币是目前流动性最好且最安全的区块链。在铭文爆发后,BTC 生态吸引了大量开发者涌入,他们很快关注到了 BTC 的可编程性问题与扩容问题。通过引入不同的思路,如 ZK、DA、侧链、rollup、restaking 等方案,BTC 生态的繁荣正迎来全新高点,俨然已经成为本轮牛市的主线剧情。

然而,在这些设计中,许多都延续了 ETH 等智能合约的扩容经验,且必须依赖一个中心化的跨链桥,这是系统的薄弱点。少有方案是基于 BTC 本身的特点设计的,这与 BTC 本身的开发者体验并不友好有关。由于一些原因使得它没法像以太坊一样运行智能合约:

  • 比特币的脚本语言为了安全性而限制了图灵完备性,这使得没法像以太坊一样执行智能合约。

  • 同时比特币区块链的存储是针对简单的交易而设计,没有对复杂的智能合约进行优化。

  • 最重要的是比特币没有虚拟机来运行智能合约。

2017 年隔离见证 (SegWit) 的引入增加了比特币的区块大小限制;2021 年的 Taproot 升级使得批量签名验证成为可能,从而更轻松、更快速地处理交易(解锁原子交换、多重签名钱包和有条件付款)。这都使的比特币上的可编程性成为可能。

2022 年,开发者 Casey Rodarmor 提出了他的“Ordinal Theory”,概述了聪的编号方案,可以将图像等任意数据放入比特币交易中,为直接在比特币链上嵌入状态信息和元数据开辟了新的可能性,这对于需要可访问和可验证状态数据的智能合约等应用程序来说,开辟了一条新的思路。

目前,大多数扩展比特币编程性的项目依赖于比特币的二层网络(L2),这使得用户必须信任跨链桥,成为L2获取用户和流动性的一大挑战。此外,比特币目前缺乏原生的虚拟机或可编程性,无法在无需额外信任假设的情况下实现L2与L1的通信。

Arch Network、RGB 和 RGB++ 都尝试从 BTC 原生属性出发,增强比特币的可编程性,通过不同的方法提供智能合约和复杂交易的能力:

  • RGB 是一种通过链下客户端验证的智能合约方案,智能合约的状态变化被记录在比特币的 UTXO 中。虽然具有一定的隐私优势,但使用起来繁琐,且缺乏合约的可组合性,目前发展非常缓慢。

  • RGB++ 是 Nervos 在 RGB 的思路下的另一条扩展路线,依然基于 UTXO 绑定,但通过将链本身作为一个具备共识的客户端验证者,这提供了一种元数据资产跨链的解决方案,并允许其支持任意 UTXO 结构链的转移。

  • Arch Network 为 BTC 提供了一个原生的智能合约方案,创建了一个 ZK 虚拟机和对应的验证者节点网络,通过聚合交易将状态变化与资产阶段记录在 BTC 交易中。

Arch Network

Arch Network 主要由 Arch zkVM 和 Arch 验证节点网络组成,利用零知识证明 (zk-proofs) 和去中心化验证网络确保智能合约的安全和隐私,比 RGB 更加易用,并没有像 RGB++ 一样需要另一条 UTXO 链进行绑定。

Arch zkVM 使用 RISC Zero ZKVM 执行智能合约并生成零知识证明,由去中心化的验证节点网络进行验证。该系统基于 UTXO 模型运行,将智能合约状态封装在 State UTXOs 中,以提高安全性和效率。

Asset UTXOs 则用于代表比特币或其他代币,并可通过委托的方式进行管理。Arch 验证网络通过随机选出的 leader 节点对 ZKVM 内容进行验证,并使用 FROST 签名方案聚合节点签名,最终将交易广播到比特币网络。

UTXO绑定:详解BTC智能合约方案RGB、RGB++和Arch Network

Arch zkVM 为比特币提供了一个图灵完备的虚拟机,能够执行复杂的智能合约。每次智能合约执行后,Arch zkVM 会生成零知识证明,这些证明用于验证合约的正确性和状态变化。

Arch 也使用了比特币的 UTXO 模型,状态和资产被封装在 UTXO 中,通过单次使用的概念进行状态转换。智能合约的状态数据被记录为 state UTXOs,而原数据资产被记录为 Asset UTXOs。Arch 确保每个 UTXO 只能被花费一次,从而提供安全的状态管理。

Arch 虽然没有创新区块链结构,但也需要一个验证节点网络。在每个 Arch Epoch 期间,系统会根据权益随机选择一个 Leader 节点,Leader 节点负责将收到的信息传播到网络内的所有其他验证者节点。所有 zk-proofs 都由去中心化的验证节点网络进行验证,确保系统的安全性和抗审查性,并生成签名给 Leader 节点。一旦交易由所需数量的节点签署,就可以在比特币网络上对广播。

RGB

RGB 是 BTC 社区早期的智能合约扩展思路,其通过 UTXO 封装的方式记录状态数据,为后续 BTC 原生扩容提供了重要思路。

UTXO绑定:详解BTC智能合约方案RGB、RGB++和Arch Network

RGB 采用链下验证方式,将代币转移的验证从比特币的共识层移到链下,由特定交易相关的客户端进行验证。这种方式减少了对全网广播的需求,增强了隐私和效率。然而,这种隐私增强方式也是一把双刃剑。通过仅让和特定交易相关的节点参与验证工作,虽然增强了隐私保护,但也导致第三方不可见,使得实际操作过程复杂且难以开发,用户体验较差。

并且,RGB 引入了单次使用密封条的概念。每个 UTXO 只能被花费一次,相当于在创建 UTXO 时上锁,在花费它时解锁。智能合约的状态通过 UTXO 封装并通过密封条管理,从而提供了一种有效的状态管理机制。

RGB++

RGB++ 是 Nervos 在 RGB 的思路下的另一条扩展路线,依然基于 UTXO 绑定。

RGB++ 利用图灵完备的 UTXO 链(例如 CKB 或其他链)来处理链下数据和智能合约,进一步提升了比特币的可编程性,并通过同构绑定 BTC 来保证安全性。

UTXO绑定:详解BTC智能合约方案RGB、RGB++和Arch Network

RGB++采用图灵完备的 UTXO 链。通过使用像 CKB 这样的图灵完备 UTXO 链作为影子链,RGB++能够处理链下数据和智能合约。这种链不仅可以执行复杂的智能合约,还可以与比特币的 UTXO 进行绑定,从而增加了系统的编程性和灵活性。此外,比特币的 UTXO 和影子链的 UTXO 同构绑定,确保了状态和资产在两条链之间的一致性,从而保证了交易的安全性。

除此之外,RGB++不仅扩展到所有图灵完备的 UTXO 链,不再局限于 CKB,从而提升了跨链互操作性和资产流动性。这种多链支持允许 RGB++与任何图灵完备的 UTXO 链结合,增强了系统的灵活性。同时,RGB++通过 UTXO 同构绑定实现无桥跨链,与传统的跨链桥不同,这种方式避免了“假币”问题,确保了资产的真实性和一致性。

通过影子链进行链上验证,RGB++简化了客户端验证过程。用户只需检查影子链上的相关交易,即可验证 RGB++的状态计算是否正确。这种链上验证方式不仅简化了验证过程,还优化了用户体验。由于使用图灵完备的影子链,RGB++避免了 RGB 复杂的 UTXO 管理,提供了更加简化和用户友好的体验。

结论

在 BTC 可编程性设计方面,RGB、RGB++ 和 Arch Network 各有特色,但都延续了绑定 UTXO 的思路,UTXO 的仅一次使用的鉴权属性更适合智能合约用于记录状态。

但其劣势也非常明显,即糟糕的用户体验,与 BTC 一致的确认延迟与低性能,即只扩展了功能,但没有提升性能,这在 Arch 与 RGB 中较为明显;而 RGB++ 的设计虽然通过引入更高性能的 UTXO 链提供了更好的用户体验,但也提出了额外的安全性假设。

随着跟多开发者加入 BTC 社区,我们会见到更多的扩容方案,如 op-cat 的升级提案也在积极讨论中。而切合 BTC 原生属性的方案是需要重点关注的,UTXO 绑定方法是不升级 BTC 网络的前提下,扩展 BTC 编程方式的最有效方法,只要能解决好用户体验问题,将是 BTC 智能合约的巨大进步。

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