谨防加密货币虚假繁荣的诱惑

币界网Published on 2024-08-10Last updated on 2024-08-10

币界网报道:

作者:Eswar Prasad;编译:比推BitpushNews Scott Liu

加密货币似乎即将被主流接受。比特币——这一最早诞生且至今仍最为知名的加密货币——价格最近创下了历史新高,而美国证券交易委员会(SEC)也放宽了相关规则,使得投资加密货币变得更加容易。唐纳德·特朗普誓言要将美国打造成“全球加密货币之都”,而共和党赞助的一项新参议院法案要求美联储在比特币上投资数十亿美元。有报道称,卡马拉-哈里斯(Kamala Harris)甚至比拜登总统更看好加密货币的潜力。

所有这一切似乎表明,加密货币世界终于开始摆脱其丑闻缠身的过去,告别作为金融骗子的乐园的名声。也许加密货币最终将取代传统银行体系,将权力重新交到用户手中,带来更便捷的金融产品和服务、更多的市场竞争,以及更高的系统韧性。

然而,事实未必如此。政治家们对加密货币的宠爱,可能更多是为了争取年轻选民的支持和硅谷的资金,而不是因为让加密货币走向成熟。事实上,如今的加密货币对其投资者和我们的金融体系而言,可能比以往更具风险。而共和党向美国选民公开推崇加密货币的行为,可能只会让局势更为复杂。

我并非一贯反对加密货币。作为一名写过数字货币书籍的作者,我可以告诉大家,比特币背后有着许多了不起的创意概念和创新技术。比特币和其他类似的加密货币在原则上是去中心化的——这意味着它们不受任何机构或组织的控制。因为数字交易记录被存储在全球计算机网络中,加密货币在原则上是安全的,不易受到少数人的操纵,且具备极强的抗风险能力。因此,理论上它们可以取代像商业银行这样的中介机构,后者往往利用其权力来限制竞争并阻碍公众广泛接触金融产品和服务。

不幸的是,随着加密货币的普及和投机势力的兴风作浪,其中的一些好处已被弃置一旁。加密货币的一个主要悖论是,在这个不受监管的生态系统中,现在存在着巨大的中心化现象。大多数用户显然不愿意完全信任这种不可信的技术,他们依赖加密货币交易所来持有加密资产并进行交易。山姆-班克曼-弗里德(Sam Bankman-Fried)与其他的 FTX 公司高管将投资者的资金当作个人储蓄罐,其欺诈行为凸显了这一漏洞。而政府对全球最大加密货币交易所币安提出的指控——包括洗钱及其他形式的不法行为——显示了集中化市场力量如何扭曲了加密货币最初的崇高目标。

尽管FTX和币安事件暴露出的问题已经显而易见,那就是监管仍然稀缺,而集中化依旧普遍存在。比特币数字账本上交易的验证和记录过程都被少数几个主要财团所控制,他们通过部署计算能力来支持这一过程,并从中获益。在加密货币世界的其他部分,真正的民主进程也有限度。一些大加密货币持有者被指试图操纵投票权的规则,使其有利于自己的利益,而不顾及小玩家的利益。

此外,已经明确的是,风险可能会从去中心化金融蔓延到传统金融领域,反之亦然。以稳定币为例,这是一种非常受欢迎的加密货币类型,其价值与美元挂钩,因此比其他更具波动性的数字货币更适合用于支付。稳定币通常由易于交易的证券(如美国国债)支撑。如果有大量赎回请求,稳定币发行方可能会被迫抛售大量此类证券,从而在这些市场上引发问题。去年硅谷银行的倒闭也给一家在该银行有存款的大型稳定币发行商带来了麻烦。

特别是比特币,它基本上已经成为一种纯粹的投机性金融资产,其价值似乎仅仅取决于其稀缺性,而不是它所提供的实际用途。其剧烈的价格波动(在过去几天的疯狂价格变动中尤为明显)、高昂的交易费用和缓慢的处理速度,使得它作为支付手段的初衷已然失效。

但由于美国证券交易委员会放宽了限制,散户投资者,甚至是存款不多的非专业人士,现在都可以通过主流投资管理公司提供的产品,轻松地将加密货币纳入自己的投资组合。政客们的认可进一步使加密货币作为一种资产类别合法化。这只会让这些投资者面临他们可能并不完全了解的风险,并可能对他们造成经济损失。。

这并不是否认加密货币领域取得的进步。以太坊等其他加密货币由于其远比比特币节能且能够快速、廉价地处理大量交易,正在变得越来越受欢迎。而作为加密货币核心的区块链技术已经通过智能合约得到了应用,这些合约能够无需中介,仅凭代码来完成各种交易。

讽刺的是,一些区块链技术的最大受益者正是加密货币原本意图取代的传统银行和金融机构。在这些机构中,区块链技术正逐渐被接受,因为它可以降低成本,通过数字渠道更容易地提供基本的银行产品和服务,甚至是以前被认为无利可图的低收入家庭。各大银行联盟也正在利用这一技术更快速、高效地在成员之间结算支付。甚至一些央行也在实验中采用了这一技术,试图发行数字货币并提高跨境支付的效率、降低成本。

至少,去中心化金融的兴起揭示了传统金融中的显著低效,并展示了技术如何帮助绕过这些弊端。然而,加密货币本身却有成为投机、欺诈场所的风险。

虽然我们应该为此类创新留有空间,但我们需要在风险和收益之间找到更好的平衡,并制定明确的监管框架,以减轻对消费者和投资者的风险,并限制对传统金融市场的溢出效应。

尽管去中心化金融表面上具备众多优势,但实质上却引进了传统金融的脆弱性,在缺乏相应的监管的同时带来了许多新的风险。虽然我们应该对能够提高金融市场准入和效率的创新持开放态度,但用户、投资者和监管者应警惕那些虚假的承诺和政治家的炒作。

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