博弈论视角分析国家采用比特币的困境,高回报与高风险该怎样权衡?

链捕手Published on 2024-07-31Last updated on 2024-07-31

作者:Chloe,PANews

 

7 月 27 日,特朗普在美国田纳西州纳什维尔举行的 2024 比特币大会上,发表了一连串承诺,他表示,如果他再次当选总统,将会大力支持比特币及加密货币的未来发展,还强调,美国必须主导这一领域,否则将会被中国及其他国家超越,甚至如果当选,还会把比特币列为国家战略储备资产,「联邦政府将保留目前持有的全部约 21 万枚比特币,占比特币总供应量的 1%。」

话虽至此,7 月 29 日原本因特朗普力挺而触及 70,000 美元大关的比特币,随后却因拜登政府移动比特币的消息立刻将币价从高点拉回。经济学家 Peter Schiff 认为,拜登政府会在川普上任前出售所有比特币,而 29 日转移 20 亿美元的比特币更验证了这项揣测。

特朗普要保留美国目前持有的所有比特币,现任政府却立即抛售,放弃将这笔可观的储备资产作为国家战略性储备的基石,仅管特朗普 27 日的声明可能会因这周抛售事件的影响而失效,但它唤起了一个自比特币诞生以来就存在的概念——国家采用比特币的博弈论。

国家采用比特币是优还是劣?那些时机采用才能有先行者优势?我们可以借助博弈论中的两个核心概念来理解:先行者优势(First Mover Advantage)和支付矩阵(Payoff matrix)

博弈论概念:先行者优势和支付矩阵

首先是先行者优势(First Mover Advantage),早期采用比特币的国家同时拥有高风险以及高回报,假设比特币经济体成立,早期采用者会成为创新和投资的中心,不仅可以吸引加密领域业务甚至还可以制定全球数字货币的监管标准。反之,早期采用者也面临更高的风险,包括如何突破现有的监管挑战以及面对潜在的经济不稳定,形成了越早行动的国家,风险和回报都会越高的局势。

且一旦一些有影响力的国家开始采用比特币,其他国家将会跟风避免被落在后面,进而产生从众效应,这种效应是由采用比特币的回报和不采用的风险所共同驱动的,以下图来看当比特币采用周期进入 S 曲线最陡峭的部分时,从众效应就会变得最为显著。

接着则是支付矩阵(Payoff matrix),简单来说,在博弈论中支付矩阵是用来描述 2 个个体(或以上)的策略和支付的矩阵。

我们可以将支付矩阵作为一种计算工具,用来显示不同策略组合下各参与者(国家)获得的收益(或损失)。每个参与者根据其他参与者可能採取的策略,选择自己的最佳策略。支付矩阵可以帮助参与者分析和比较不同策略的结果,以便做出最佳决策。

若以支付矩阵的概念来分析国家是否采用比特币则会是:

假设有两个国家,国家 A 和国家 B,它们都在考虑是否采用比特币。每个国家有两种策略可供选择,采用或不采用,这两个国家的支付矩阵可以表示如下:

在这个矩阵中:

  • 每个单元格表示国家 A 和国家 B 选择特定策略组合后的收益。
  • 单元格中的第一个数字是国家 A 的收益,第二个数字是国家 B 的收益。

例如:

  • 如果国家 A 和国家 B 都选择采用比特币(左上角单元格),则国家 A 和国家 B 各自获得 10 的收益。
  • 如果国家 A 选择采用而国家 B 选择不采用(右上角单元格),国家 A 获得 15 的收益,国家 B 获得 5 的收益。

通过这样的矩阵,国家 A 和国家 B 可以分析不同策略组合的结果,并根据对方可能的选择来决定自己的最佳策略。最终,让矩阵可以帮助国家在不确定条件下做出最优决策。

而对于比特币采用,每个国家都会评估采用与不采用比特币的成本和收益,并选择最佳策略。且不用说,考虑到成本 / 收益权衡,最优势策略绝对是采用。

套用博弈论算法,国家必须找出最佳反应函数

在博弈论中,最佳反应函数(reaction function)是指在其他参与者(国家)已选择的策略下,使某一参与者(国家)收益最大化的策略,可以理解为,假设你跟对手玩家在牌桌上,对方已经出牌,而你该如何最佳化运用你手上的牌。

也就是说,它是玩家对其他玩家策略的最佳反应,因此对于考虑采用比特币的国家来说,最佳反应函数涉及到根据其他国家的预期行动来选择自己的最佳策略,这包括考虑其他国家的经济和地缘政治动态,以及由此产生的影响。

所以整体逻辑如下,国家 A 首先评估采用比特币的成本和收益,包括考虑潜在的经济利益(如成为创新中心、吸引投资等)和风险(如监管挑战、经济不稳定等),同时国家 A 也意识到,其他国家也在进行类似的成本收益评估,如果其他国家也决定采用比特币,这将对国家 A 的策略选择产生影响。如果国家 A 预期所有其他国家都会选择采用比特币,那麽不采用比特币会使国家 A 在竞争中处于不利地位,因此,国家 A 会得出结论,自己也应该加快比特币的采用速度,以免在竞争中落后。

先行者优势已成功体现在机构甚至国家上

为了更具体地理解比特币国家采用的博弈论,可以藉由几个例子体现,分别是萨尔瓦多 (El Salvador) 、美国各州和 MicroStrategy。这些例子皆凸显,采用的博弈论在所有机构甚至国家上都会发挥作用。

自 2021 年以来,萨尔瓦多 (El Salvador) 已开采了 473 枚比特币,尔后将比特币视为法定货币后,且该国也陆续让许多政府相关服务,都可以用比特币的方式入帐,加上自行购买的比特币,目前该国政府累积了 5825 BTC,市值达 3.94 亿美元。

2024 年 5 月,美国威斯康辛州成为第一个宣布购买比特币的美国州。他们在证券交易委员会的文件中披露,已为其养老基金购买了价值 1.6 亿美元的比特币 ETF。虽然这对于总规模为 1320 亿美元的威斯康辛州养老基金不是太大量资本,但也反映了对该州对于将比特币作为储蓄资产的支持以及先行者优势的战略考量。

MicroStrategy 更是先行者优势的典范。2020 年底,Michael Saylor 宣布计划购买比特币,并累积了 22.6 万 BTC,佔总供应量的 1% 以上。这在 2020 年当时是非常不受欢迎的选择,如今这些比特币的价值已经接近翻倍,公司的市值和企业价值分别增长了 20 倍和 40 倍。

除此之外,从更广泛的角度来看,若将博弈论套用在加密货币(不限于比特币)也凸显出一些优势策略。其中一个策略是采用以美元计价的稳定币,目前市场上有 180 种法定货币,其中绝大多数的表现都不如比特币,倘若通过促进在货币失灵的经济体中采用以美元计价的稳定币,可以巩固美元在全球经济中的地位。

Trending Cryptos

Related Reads

Bitcoin Falls Below $60,000 Again; After 20 Months, We've Reached a New Low

Bitcoin Drops Below $60,000, Hitting a 20-Month Low Bitcoin fell below the key $60,000 psychological level again, reaching a low of $59,023—its lowest point in approximately 20 months, dating back to October 2024. While it later recovered slightly to around $60,600, this marks its third significant breach of $60,000 this year. The downturn is attributed to two primary factors. First, U.S. spot Bitcoin ETFs are experiencing their longest streak of net outflows since launch, with nearly $5.94 billion withdrawn over 30 days. This creates sustained selling pressure as Authorized Participants sell Bitcoin to meet redemptions. Second, shifting macroeconomic expectations are adding pressure. Strong U.S. job data and hawkish remarks from Fed officials have increased market pricing for potential rate hikes, reversing the earlier liquidity-driven bullish sentiment and prompting a shift away from risk assets like Bitcoin. Analyst views are mixed. 21Shares maintains a bullish long-term outlook, expecting prices to recover towards $100,000, citing historical post-halving cycles and substantial ETF holdings as a base. In contrast, Arthur Hayes predicts a potential bottom around $40,000 within six months due to persistent Fed hawkishness. CryptoQuant suggests, based on on-chain data, that the market may not find a bottom until prices fall below the average investor cost basis around $53,000, potentially extending the bearish phase into late 2026 or early 2027. The immediate focus is on upcoming U.S. inflation data and Fed signals. Lower-than-expected CPI could offer relief, but confirmation of sticky inflation or continued ETF outflows may lead to further downside pressure. Bitcoin's ability to hold above $60,000 remains a critical test for the near-term market direction.

Odaily星球日报26m ago

Bitcoin Falls Below $60,000 Again; After 20 Months, We've Reached a New Low

Odaily星球日报26m ago

When Billions Begin to Operate Everything by Voice, How Far is ‘All Assets on Chain’?

In June 2026, WeChat began a limited rollout of "Xiaowei," its native AI assistant. This move is more than an upgrade to a smarter chatbot; it signals a crucial step from "universal internet access" toward the broader vision of "full asset tokenization." Xiaowei, powered primarily by WeChat's in-house WeLM model, demonstrates four key capabilities: 1) direct voice/web chat control of app functions, 2) automated access to mini-programs for services, 3) instant comprehension and summarization of complex documents like PDFs, and 4) generating functional mini-program prototypes from simple natural language requests. This represents a fundamental shift from GUI (Graphical User Interface) to LUI (Language User Interface), eliminating friction in human-digital interaction. The rollout is pivotal because it brings AI Agents to China's massive user base with zero friction—no new app downloads or accounts needed. This "seamless access" mirrors past platform revolutions like the App Store or WeChat Mini-Programs, potentially unlocking a global AI Agent market projected to grow from $7.92 billion in 2025 to nearly $295 billion by 2035. The article argues that China's internet evolution has moved from "connecting everyone" to "putting all services online." The next phase is "tokenizing all assets"—a concept broader than just Real World Assets (RWA) like real estate. It encompasses tokenizing personal assets like social influence, attention, and credit history. RWA tokenization itself is forecast to explode from $35 billion in 2025 to over $500 billion in 2026. The convergence of ubiquitous AI Agents and rapidly tokenizing assets points to a future paradigm for wealth management. Your AI Agent could autonomously manage a globally diversified, tokenized portfolio based on your preferences. Initiatives like EXIO Group's full-stack RWA services aim to lower investment barriers, paralleling WeChat's democratization of AI access. In conclusion, the launch of Xiaowei is not merely a technical upgrade but a historic inflection point. It marks AI Agents' transition from niche tools to essential utilities and accelerates the movement toward a future where voice commands seamlessly interact with tokenized value, redefining humanity's relationship with the digital and financial worlds.

marsbit1h ago

When Billions Begin to Operate Everything by Voice, How Far is ‘All Assets on Chain’?

marsbit1h ago

SoftBank CEO Masayoshi Son's New Trillion-Dollar "Gamble"

SoftBank founder Masayoshi Son is embroiled in a new trillion-dollar "bet" on Physical AI and humanoid robotics, even as his massive wager on OpenAI faces uncertainty ahead of its potential IPO. Recent reports reveal OpenAI's steep losses—$85 billion net loss by Q1 2026 and a $38.5 billion loss in 2025—casting doubt on its path to a trillion-dollar valuation. SoftBank, OpenAI's second-largest external shareholder with a planned 13% stake, stands to gain hugely if OpenAI succeeds. Undeterred, Son is already pushing forward with his next ambitious venture: consolidating SoftBank's AI and robotics assets into a new U.S.-based company named "Roze," targeting a $100 billion IPO as early as late 2026. This move aligns with his belief that Physical AI, merging AI cognition with robotic physical execution, is the next trillion-dollar frontier. Son's confidence stems from recent AI wins; SoftBank's stock surged and he briefly regained the title of Asia's richest person, largely due to OpenAI's soaring valuation. However, his aggressive strategy has raised internal concerns about over-reliance on OpenAI and strained finances. With competitors like Anthropic advancing rapidly and OpenAI's IPO timing uncertain, Son is racing to capitalize on the AI boom. His long-term vision for Physical AI includes a decade of investments in robotics, from Boston Dynamics to recent acquisitions like ABB's robotics unit, and a planned $1 trillion investment in U.S.-based AI robotics industrial parks. Yet, challenges remain: humanoid robotics firms like Figure AI lack the clear revenue paths of AI software companies, and Roze's lofty valuation faces skepticism. For Son, these bets are also driven by an unfulfilled promise of massive returns to key investors like Saudi Arabia's PIF. Despite risks, he continues to double down, betting that the fusion of AI and physical machines will define the next technological era.

marsbit1h ago

SoftBank CEO Masayoshi Son's New Trillion-Dollar "Gamble"

marsbit1h ago

Trading

Spot
Futures

Hot Articles

What is $BITCOIN

DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): A Comprehensive Analysis Introduction to DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a blockchain-based project operating on the Solana network, which aims to combine the characteristics of traditional precious metals with the innovation of decentralized technologies. While it shares a name with Bitcoin, often referred to as “digital gold” due to its perception as a store of value, DIGITAL GOLD is a separate token designed to create a unique ecosystem within the Web3 landscape. Its goal is to position itself as a viable alternative digital asset, although specifics regarding its applications and functionalities are still developing. What is DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a cryptocurrency token explicitly designed for use on the Solana blockchain. In contrast to Bitcoin, which provides a widely recognized value storage role, this token appears to focus on broader applications and characteristics. Notable aspects include: Blockchain Infrastructure: The token is built on the Solana blockchain, known for its capacity to handle high-speed and low-cost transactions. Supply Dynamics: DIGITAL GOLD has a maximum supply capped at 100 quadrillion tokens (100P $BITCOIN), although details regarding its circulating supply are currently undisclosed. Utility: While precise functionalities are not explicitly outlined, there are indications that the token could be utilized for various applications, potentially involving decentralized applications (dApps) or asset tokenization strategies. Who is the Creator of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? At present, the identity of the creators and development team behind DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) remains unknown. This situation is typical among many innovative projects within the blockchain space, particularly those aligning with decentralized finance and meme coin phenomena. While such anonymity may foster a community-driven culture, it intensifies concerns about governance and accountability. Who are the Investors of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? The available information indicates that DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) does not have any known institutional backers or prominent venture capital investments. The project seems to operate on a peer-to-peer model focused on community support and adoption rather than traditional funding routes. Its activity and liquidity are primarily situated on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), such as PumpSwap, rather than established centralized trading platforms, further highlighting its grassroots approach. How DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) Works The operational mechanics of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) can be elaborated on based on its blockchain design and network attributes: Consensus Mechanism: By leveraging Solana’s unique proof-of-history (PoH) combined with a proof-of-stake (PoS) model, the project ensures efficient transaction validation contributing to the network's high performance. Tokenomics: While specific deflationary mechanisms have not been extensively detailed, the vast maximum token supply implies that it may cater to microtransactions or niche use cases that are still to be defined. Interoperability: There exists the potential for integration with Solana’s broader ecosystem, including various decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. However, the details regarding specific integrations remain unspecified. Timeline of Key Events Here is a timeline that highlights significant milestones concerning DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): 2023: The initial deployment of the token occurs on the Solana blockchain, marked by its contract address. 2024: DIGITAL GOLD gains visibility as it becomes available for trading on decentralized exchanges like PumpSwap, allowing users to trade it against SOL. 2025: The project witnesses sporadic trading activity and potential interest in community-led engagements, although no noteworthy partnerships or technical advancements have been documented as of yet. Critical Analysis Strengths Scalability: The underlying Solana infrastructure supports high transaction volumes, which could enhance the utility of $BITCOIN in various transaction scenarios. Accessibility: The potential low trading price per token could attract retail investors, facilitating wider participation due to fractional ownership opportunities. Risks Lack of Transparency: The absence of publicly known backers, developers, or an audit process may yield skepticism regarding the project's sustainability and trustworthiness. Market Volatility: The trading activity is heavily reliant on speculative behavior, which can result in significant price volatility and uncertainty for investors. Conclusion DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) emerges as an intriguing yet ambiguous project within the rapidly evolving Solana ecosystem. While it attempts to leverage the “digital gold” narrative, its departure from Bitcoin's established role as a store of value underscores the need for a clearer differentiation of its intended utility and governance structure. Future acceptance and adoption will likely depend on addressing the current opacity and defining its operational and economic strategies more explicitly. Note: This report encompasses synthesised information available as of October 2023, and developments may have transpired beyond the research period.

444 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

Discussions

Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of BTC (BTC) are presented below.

活动图片