繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-07-31Last updated on 2024-07-31

Abstract

卖铲子的人比挖金矿的人更赚钱。

原文作者:Flip Research

原文编译:Luffy,Foresight News

最近,我的推特信息流充斥着 Solana 的牛市言论,这其中多是鼓吹 Memecoin 的托词。我开始相信 Memecoin 真的存在超级周期,Solana 将取代以太坊成为最重要的 L1。但后来我开始深入研究数据,结果却令人忧心。在本文中我将介绍我的发现,以及为什么 Solana 可能是一座纸牌屋。

首先让我们看一下当前牛市的情况,正如@alphawifhat 简明扼要地阐述如下:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

https://x.com/alphawifhat/status/1816136696758735266

在第二季度,Solana:

  • 用户量是以太坊 +L2s 的 50% ;

  • 交易费用是以太坊 +L2s 的 27% ;

  • DEX 交易量占比是 36% ;

  • 稳定币交易量是以太坊 +L2s 的 190% 。

用户群比较

以下是以太坊主网与 Solana 网络的用户群比较(仅比较主网,因为 Dencun 升级之后绝大多数费用都来自于主网,来源:@tokenterminal):

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

以太坊活跃用户和交易数量

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

Solana 活跃用户和交易数量

从表面上看,Solana 的数据看起来不错,每日活跃用户 (DAU) 超过 130 万,而以太坊则为 376, 300 。然而,当我们结合交易数量一起分析时,就会发现一些奇怪的现象。 例如, 7 月 26 日,以太坊的交易数量为 110 万,而 DAU 为 37.63 万,平均每位用户的交易数量约为 2.92 笔。而当天 Solana 的交易数量为 2.822 亿,DAU 为 130 万,平均每位用户的交易数量高达 217 笔。我认为这或许是因为 Solana 费用低廉,可以进行更多、更频繁的交易,以及套利机器人活动的增加等。因此,我将其与另一条流行的廉价链 Arbitrum 进行了比较。然而,Arbitrum 在同一天平均每位用户的交易数量只有 4.46 笔。如果查看其他链的数据也可以得到类似的结果:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

鉴于 Solana 用户数量高于以太坊,我比较了两者的谷歌趋势数据:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

结果是以太坊要么与 Solana 持平,要么领先于 Solana。考虑到 DAU 差异,再加上围绕 Solana Memecoin 的炒作,这个结果大大出乎我的意料。所以到底发生了什么?

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

DEX 交易量分析

要理解交易数量差异,查看 Raydium 的流动性池数据会有所帮助。粗略一看,你也能发现一些明显的问题:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

起初我以为这只是流动性较低的虚假交易,用于吸引 memecoin degen,但从图表来看,情况要糟糕得多:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

每个低流动性池背后都是在一个在过去 24 小时内跑路(rugged)的项目。以 MBGA 为例,在过去 24 小时内,Raydium 上发生了 46, 000 笔交易,交易量达 1, 080 万美元,有 2, 845 个独立钱包进行过买卖,并产生了超过 28, 000 美元的交易费用。(请注意,类似规模的合理的流动性池,比如 MEW,仅产生了 11.2 K 笔交易) 

从参与的钱包来看,绝大多数似乎是同一网络中的机器人,它们贡献了数万笔交易。这些机器人独立生成虚假交易量,SOL 数量和交易数量都是随机的,直到一个项目结束,然后它们再转到下一个项目。 在过去 24 小时内,Raydium 上逾 50 个交易量超过 250 万美元的流动性池跑路(rug),总共产生了超过 2 亿美元的交易量和 50 万美元的手续费。Orca 和 Meteora 上的 rug 池似乎要少得多,相比之下以太坊上的 Uniswap 很少有类似的 rug。

Solana 的 rug 问题已经相当严重,其影响体现在多方面:

  • 考虑到异常高的交易数量 / 用户比率,以及链上虚假交易、欺诈交易的数量,可以断定 Solana 上绝大多数交易都是非有机的。以太坊 L2 上每日交易数量与用户比率最高的是 Blast(为 15),Blast 费用同样低廉,而且用户正在耕种第二季空投。粗略比较一下,如果我们假设真实的 Solana 交易数量 / 用户比率与 Blast 相似,那就意味着 Solana 上超过 93% 的交易(以及费用)都是非有机的。

  • 这些骗局之所以存在,唯一的原因就是有利可图。因此,用户损失的资金至少等于产生的费用 + 交易成本,也就是每天高达数百万美元。

  • 一旦部署这些骗局变得无利可图(当实际用户厌倦了亏损),可以预见 Solana 上的交易数量和费用收入都会下降。

  • 因此,Solana 上实际的用户、有机手续费收入和 DEX 交易量都被严重夸大了。

我不是唯一一个得出这些结论的人,@gphummer 最近发布过类似的内容:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

https://x.com/gphummer/status/1816122702564131095

Solana 上的 MEV

Solana 上的 MEV 处于一个独特的状况。与以太坊不同,它没有内置的内存池;相反,像 Jito 创建了(现已弃用的)协议外基础设施来模拟内存池功能,从而使抢先交易、三明治攻击等 MEV 交易成为可能。Helius Labs 整理了一篇详细介绍 MEV 的深度文章

Solana 的问题在于,交易的绝大多数代币都是波动性极高、流动性低的 Memecoin,交易者通常会将交易滑点设置为 >10% ,以确保交易成功执行。这为 MEV 提供了大展拳脚的机会:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

如果我们观察一下区块空间的盈利能力,很明显现在大部分价值都来自于 MEV 提取:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

虽然从严格意义上来说,这是「真实」的价值,但 MEV 只有在有利可图的情况下才会实施,即只要散户继续追逐 Memecoin。一旦 Memecoin 开始降温,MEV 费用收入就会随之下降。

我看到很多人在讨论 Solana 的热点最终将如何切换到 JUP、JTO 等基础设施。这很有可能会成为现实,但需要注意的是,这些代币的波动性更低、流动性更高,无法提供与 Memecoin 相同的 MEV 机会。 

经验丰富的玩家正在努力构建最好的基础设施来把我这个机会。在我深入挖掘的过程中听到了一些消息,这些玩家正在投资并试图控制内存池空间,然后将访问权出售给第三方。但我无法证实这一信息。 然而,其中存在一些明显的不正当动机:通过将尽可能多的 Memecoin 活动引导到 Solana,精明的个人将继续从 MEV、内幕交易以及 SOL 价格升值中获利。

稳定币

说到稳定币交易量和 TVL,Solana 上存在另一个奇怪的现象。Solana 上稳定币交易量明显高于 以太坊,但 DefiLlama 的数据显示,以太坊拥有 800 亿美元的稳定币 TVL,而 Solana 仅有 32 亿美元。

我认为,稳定币 TVL 是一个比低费用平台上的交易量和手续费收入更难操控的指标。稳定币交易量动态证实了这一点:@WazzCrypto 注意到 CFTC 宣布调查 Jump 后 Solana 上稳定币交易量突然下降:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

https://x.com/WazzCrypto/status/1817560196073292033

散户遭受损失

除了 rug 和 MEV,散户交易的前景依旧暗淡。名人们选择 Solana 作为他们发行 Memecoin 的首选链,但结果并不乐观:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

Andrew Tate 的 DADDY 是表现最好的名人代币,但它的回报率是 -73% 。

在推特上进行快速搜索还可以发现内幕交易猖獗以及开发着向散户倾销代币的证据:

繁荣背后的隐忧:Solana可能是一座「纸牌屋」?

你可能会问,「我的信息流上全是那些在 Solana 上通过交易表情包赚取数百万美元的人。这和你所说的有什么关系?」

我根本不相信 KOL 在推特上的帖子能够代表更广泛的用户群。在当前的狂热之下,他们很容易占据有利位置,推销他们的代币,从他们的追随者身上获利,然后重复这个过程。这里绝对存在幸存者偏差:胜利者的声音远远大于失败者的声音,从而产生了对现实的扭曲看法。客观地说,散户似乎每天都会遭受数百万美元的损失,包括骗子、开发者、内部人士、MEV、KOL,而且这还没有考虑到他们在 Solana 上交易的大部分东西都只是没有实质价值支持的 Memecoin 。很难否认,大多数 Memecoin 最终都会走向归零。

其他注意事项

市场瞬息万变,当情绪发生变化时,交易者曾经视而不见的因素就会变得清晰起来:

  • 网络稳定性差,频繁中断

  • 交易失败率高

  • 无法读取的浏览器

  • 开发门槛较高,Rust 的用户友好度远不如 Solidity

  • 与 EVM 相比,互操作性较差。我相信,让多个可互操作的区块链争夺我们的注意力,比被束缚在单个链上要健康得多。

  • 从监管角度和需求角度来看,ETF 通过的可能性很低。这篇文章说明了为什么在 Solana 目前的状态下,机构需求会很低。

  • 发行量高达 67, 000 SOL/ 天(1, 240 万美元)

  • FTX 资产中仍有 4100 万 SOL(76 亿美元)锁定。其中 750 万(14 亿美元)将于 2025 年 3 月解锁,另外每月将解锁 60.9 万(1.13 亿美元),直至 2028 年。这些 SOL 代币的购买价格约为每枚 64 美元。

结论

与往常一样,卖铲子的人将从 Solana Memecoin 热潮中获利,而投机者则被洗劫一空,而且往往是在他们毫不知情的情况下。 我认为,通常的 Solana 指标被严重夸大了。此外,绝大多数自然用户正在快速地因不良行为者而遭受损失。幸好我们目前正处于狂热阶段,散户的流入速度仍超过这些老玩家的流出;而一旦用户因持续损失而疲惫不堪,许多指标就会迅速崩溃。如上所述,Solana 还面临一些基本面阻力,一旦市场情绪转变,这些阻力就会凸显出来。任何价格上涨都会加剧通胀和解锁压力。 最终,我认为从基本面来看 SOL 被高估了,虽然现有的情绪和势头可能会在短期内推动 SOL 价格继续上涨,但长期前景则更加不确定。

免责声明:作者过去曾多次持有 SOL,但目前并没有持有 SOL 的实质性头寸。上面提出的许多观点都是作者的推测,并非事实。作者的假设和结论可能存在错误,请始终保持谨慎 。

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