特朗普成为加密货币信徒,要从他发行的 NFT 说起

深潮Published on 2024-07-29Last updated on 2024-07-29

决定发行 NFT 后,特朗普开始花时间研究加密货币。

撰文:Olga Kharif、Stephanie Lai、David Pan 与 Teresa Xie,彭博社

编译:Luffy,Foresight News

这本应是一次加密货币会议,但很容易被误认为是特朗普的政治集会。

在一场小贩兜售印有「让比特币再次伟大」字样红帽子的活动中,当唐纳德·特朗普誓言一旦重返白宫,他将解雇美国证券交易委员会主席 Gary Gensler,并任命热爱加密行业的监管者取而代之时,会场的人群爆发出热烈的掌声。

特朗普周六在纳什维尔举行的比特币 2024 大会上表示:「我向比特币社区保证,在我宣誓就职的那一天,乔·拜登、卡马拉·哈里斯的反加密货币运动就会结束。」特朗普将加密货币比作一个世纪前的钢铁行业。他补充道:「如果比特币要 To The Moon,我希望美国成为引领这股浪潮的国家。」

这次演讲标志着这位前总统对加密货币立场发生了彻底转变,在他任职期间,他曾认为加密货币是犯罪猖獗的骗局。这也标志着一个曾经政治机器与金融运动的局外者,正在努力进入主流。

7 月 27 日,唐纳德·特朗普在纳什维尔举行的比特币 2024 大会上发表讲话。特朗普曾经是一名加密货币批评者,但自从开始出售 NFT 以来,他的态度就发生了变化。摄影师:Brett Carlsen/Bloomberg

传统观点认为,这只是典型的特朗普式交易关系。在总统竞选中,他需要选票和金钱,而现在看来,这将是一场势均力敌的较量,特朗普正在笼络拜登政府因为打击加密货币行业而疏远的一个群体。

如果是这样,那它已经成功了。加密货币生态的公众形象由拥有大量资金的网络战士主导,他们为特朗普提供了数千万美元竞选资金,以及一支日益壮大的忠实粉丝大军。特朗普因此获得了狗狗币爱好者埃隆·马斯克、亿万富翁 Winklevoss 兄弟以及风险投资家 Marc Andreessen 和 Ben Horowitz 等人的支持。

然而,尽管特朗普获得了加密行业的支持,但还有其他因素在特朗普转变为加密货币信徒的过程中发挥了重要作用。他爱上了以特朗普为主题的非同质化代币(NFT),以及购买这些代币的支持者。特朗普对加密资产的估值一直存有怀疑,但这并没有影响他销售宣传自己的 NFT。这一点在今年 5 月就很明显了,当时他在海湖庄园的一次支持者聚会上即兴发挥,这些支持者购买了至少 47 张数字交易卡——前总统的波普艺术效果图,包括他打扮成牛仔、超级英雄和其他人物的图像。它们的售价为每张 99 美元。

不久前,特朗普本人也批评加密货币推广者胡说八道,指责比特币和其他加密货币助长犯罪。在他担任总统期间,他认为加密货币的价值是「凭空而来的」。然而,在特朗普和他妻子开始出售 NFT 之时,他已经改变了主意。

「特朗普的 NFT 确实让他第一次站在了加密货币人士面前,」区块链协会首席执行官 Kristin Smith 表示,该协会是一个交易组织,一直是特朗普竞选团队和加密货币行业之间的联络人之一。

对于一个丑闻缠身、在政府采取大量法律行动下面临生存威胁的行业来说,特朗普在加密货币问题上的反复无常,或许让他成为了 NFT 中的超级英雄之一。对于特朗普来说,这个话题给了他另一个用来攻击民主党对手的楔子问题——考虑到加密行业对拉票的热情和前所未有的筹款数量,这是一个不平衡的楔子。支持加密货币的 Fairshake PAC 和两个结盟的超级 PAC 本轮已经筹集了 1.7 亿美元,尽管他们承诺专注于国会竞选并向两党捐款。

特朗普加密行业的共生关系在纳什维尔一目了然:当加密货币粉丝为更友好的监管前景欢呼时,他们为特朗普贡献了大笔捐款。在他参与的加密货币「圆桌会议」上,一个席位的收费为 844,600 美元,而合影则一人收费 60,000 美元,一对夫妇收费 100,000 美元。周一,加密货币公司 BitGo 的首席执行官 Mike Belshe 将在加利福尼亚州帕洛阿尔托举办一场筹款活动来筹集更多资金。

尽管如今几乎所有加密货币界的名人都与特朗普有所交往,但仍有一些不太知名的人物不容忽视,他们是特朗普进入加密资产这个奇怪兔子洞的领路人。第一个是 Bill Zanker,他是成人教育公司 The Learning Annex 的创始人,也是 2007 年出版的《 Think Big and Kick Ass with Trump 》一书的作者之一。Zanker 说,他是特朗普的老朋友,曾经邀请特朗普作为 Learning Annex 的演讲者。

Zanker 在接受采访时表示,大约两年半前,他曾与特朗普接触,向他推销一个想法:以这位前总统的漫画为主题的 NFT 艺术品。Zanker 回忆说,特朗普很感兴趣,但不想称它们为 NFT。「我想称它为计算机上的数字交易卡,」Zanker 说特朗普告诉他。「如果你称它们为 NFT,人们根本无法理解。」随后,SBF 的 FTX 交易所倒闭,以及 2022 年其他一系列破产事件,导致了拜登政府对加密行业的严厉打击。 2022 年 12 月的「加密货币寒冬」中,Zanker 来到海湖庄园问道:「总统先生,你还想继续吗?」 他说,「Bill,你知道吗,我的很多朋友都说我不应该这样做。但我喜欢它,所以我们做吧。」

数字卡 MugShot Edition 发布,每张售价 99 美元。资料来源:collecttrumpcards.com

特朗普绝不是被动参与了这个项目。「每一张照片,他都赞成,」Zanker 说,「他花了好几个小时来创作。他喜欢它,称之为波普艺术,」Zanker 补充说,这个项目使得特朗普开始花时间研究加密货币,问了很多问题,帮助他理解了以太坊区块链的运作方式等。

据 Zanker 称,NFT 大获成功,每个新系列都在几个小时内销售一空。随后,特朗普在海湖庄园举行了两场活动,一场是去年年底,另一场是今年 5 月,特朗普与 NFT 买家见面。Zanker 说,「他爱上了这群人:年轻、雄心勃勃、不受监管。有人问他,『你觉得加密货币怎么样?』他说,『我喜欢它,我不希望它全部流向国外。』人群疯狂了。」

有一次,人们谈到了以加密货币形式接受竞选捐款的话题,特朗普在台上打电话给他的朋友,「Zanker,我们应该接受加密货币捐款吗?」Zanker 回忆道:「我答应了。于是,他就成了加密货币总统。」到目前为止,特朗普竞选团队表示,他们已经筹集了超过 400 万美元的加密货币捐款,此外还从业内支持者那里筹集了数百万美元的捐款。据 Zanker 称,特朗普卡牌 NFT(总共近 20 万张,分为三个系列)为特朗普及其合作伙伴带来了 2000 多万美元的收入,但他拒绝透露这些收入是如何分配的。特朗普竞选团队没有对此发表进一步评论。

NFT 活动之后,业界对特朗普的支持,以及他对加密行业潜在捐赠者的拉拢,持续升温。

接下来一场大型活动是 6 月在海湖庄园的茶室里,特朗普和他的客人在那里吃着饼干。活动吸引了一小群加密矿企的高管。

「我们讨论了如何让比特币用户参与政治进程,」Riot Platforms Inc. 公共政策主管 Brian Morgenstern 说,他曾在特朗普政府期间在白宫和财政部工作。 「如果你不参与,如果你不与候选人对话,你就无法改变政策。」

特朗普必然是参与了。在与矿企的见面会上,他成为了加密货币的狂热「啦啦队长」,并在自己的 Truth Social 账户上发帖称,他希望所有剩余的比特币都「在美国制造!!!」,并表示比特币挖矿可能是「我们抵御 CBDC(央行数字货币) 的最后一道防线」。CBDC 的批评者警告说,它们可能被用作监视工具,因为它们使政府当局能够更轻松地追踪资金流向。当然,它们也给锚定美元的稳定币带来了激烈的竞争。

比特币 2024 大会上展示的 Satochip 加密钱包,其中有特朗普遇刺后拍摄的照片。摄影师:Brett Carlsen/Bloomberg

特朗普的加密货币顾问圈子已经扩大。亿万富翁埃隆·马斯克经常为加密行业出谋划策。特朗普在共和党初选中的前对手、企业家 Vivek Ramaswamy 也表示,他曾与特朗普讨论过潜在的加密货币政策。

在国会山,他在共和党盟友中找到了加密货币信徒。田纳西州参议员 Bill Hagerty 参加了 6 月份在海湖庄园举行的矿企会议和纳什维尔举行的比特币会议,在加密货币问题上,他已经成为特朗普的代理人。

本月早些时候,加密行业在密尔沃基举行的共和党全国代表大会上占据了突出地位,威斯康星州众议员 Bryan Steil 参加了区块链会议中关于加密货币的讨论,而 Hagerty 在关于制造业的小组讨论中为该行业发言。

Hagerty 说:「我们必须让华盛顿特区的官僚机构恢复原样,重新划定界限,我们看到的是各机构超越了它们的职权范围,这造成了不确定性,而不确定性对资本投资产生了非常负面的影响。」

在共和党全国委员会的安全警戒线外,支持者们分发纸扇宣传 MAGA memecoin,这是一个加密项目,已招募特朗普盟友 Roger Stone 作为合作伙伴。特朗普已成为 memecoin 交易者关注的焦点,memecoin 是创新最少但炒作风险最大的一类代币。

据 CoinGecko 称,MAGA 是与特朗普相关的最大 memecoin,总市值超过 3 亿美元。这些代币与特朗普没有官方联系,但这并不妨碍它们流行起来。memecoin 平台 Pump.fun 团队注意到,仅在 7 月 13 日特朗普枪击事件后,就有超过 2,000 个与特朗普相关的代币被创建。

当然,如果再次出现类似 FTX 的情况,或者只是价格下跌导致市场情绪恶化,特朗普与这种臭名昭著的资产类别密切联系存在政治风险。然而,美国大学华盛顿法学院专注于金融法研究的教授 Hilary Allen 表示,加密行业本身在意识形态上与共和党如此一致的风险可能更大。

「鉴于加密货币本身就是一种非常具有意识形态的投资,这可能会疏远一些用户,」她说。「这可能会增加对共和党用户的吸引力,但另一方面可能会疏远民主党用户。」

特朗普交易卡网站宣传了 NFT 购买的现实世界福利,包括一张实体交易卡,上面有他在 2023 年 8 月 24 日于佐治亚州富尔顿县被捕时所穿西装的碎片。来源:collecttrumpcards.com

只有时间才能告诉我们特朗普是否会赢得他的第二个任期,并带来加密行业所需的更有利的监管环境。目前对 Polymarket 的押注显示,特朗普获胜的概率为 57%。Polymarket 是一个基于加密货币的平台,允许美国以外的用户对政治结果下注。

友好的监管机构可能不是特朗普获胜的唯一礼物。

在纳什维尔,特朗普表示,他将命令政府不要出售在刑事案件中查获的加密货币,而是将其用作所谓的战略性比特币储备的基础。然而,比特币回吐了演讲前的涨幅,因为特朗普没有确认计划命令政府购买多达 100 万枚代币,他的对手 Robert F. Kennedy Jr.周五在会议上表示,特朗普可能会宣布这一消息。

与此同时,即使在繁忙的竞选日程中,特朗普也在为自己的加密货币项目策划下一步行动。

第四套特朗普 NFT 系列正在筹备中,Zanker 表示希望它能在 8 月上市,并承诺这将是「有史以来最好的 NFT 系列」,会「带来很多惊喜」。

「我们在枪击事件前见到了他,请他审阅艺术作品,」Zanker 说,「他查看了每一张照片。」

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