Glassnode:谁在主导加密市场?市场波动最易影响哪一群体?

币界网Published on 2024-07-17Last updated on 2024-07-17

币界网报道:

作者:UkuriaOC, CryptoVizArt, Glassnode;编译:邓通,

  • 大型实体目前持有约 490 万 BTC,相当于流通供应量的 25%。在这些实体中,中心化交易所和 ETF 托管人占比最大。

  • 在德国政府完全耗尽 BTC 卖方市场后,卖方市场似乎在短期内得到缓解,同时需求也重新涌入以支撑市场。

  • 市场盈利能力仍然非常强劲,大部分代币供应仍保持在有利的成本基础上,低于当前现货价格。

评估大型实体

比特币持有者的格局始终在不断演变,这需要分析框架随着时间的推移而不断演变。从历史上看,矿工和交易所一直是最大、最主要的比特币持有者。

纵观历史,大量代币最终由市场中立的实体保管,例如 Mt.Gox 受托人,其任务是保管在 Mt.Gox 交易所倒闭和破产后收回的代币。同样,政府执法部门也扣押了大量代币,并定期分批出售。

最近,机构级托管人和 ETF 也进入了市场。11 只新的美国现货 ETF 现已累计累积 +887K BTC,使它们的总余额成为我们监控的第二大比特币池。

下图显示了这些大型实体持有的 BTC 数量。

  • 中心化交易所:300 万 BTC(黄色)

  • 美国 ETF 余额:887,000 BTC(灰色)

  • 包括 Patoshi 在内的矿工:705,000 BTC(蓝色)

  • 政府实体:207,000 BTC(绿色)

  • Mt Gox 受托人:139,000 BTC(红色)

矿工历来是卖方压力的主要来源,但他们的供应相关性确实会随着每次减半事件而下降。过去 12 个月的矿工净流量显示,每周的总余额变化通常约为 ±500 BTC。

在下图中,我们将矿工净流量(蓝色)中心化交易所(红色)的净存款/取款量以及 ETF 链上钱包(绿色)的净流量进行比较。我们可以看到,后两个实体通常会出现更大的 ±4K BTC 波动,这表明通过这些实体的流量可能比矿工的市场影响力大 4 到 8 倍。

将此净流量动态作为我们的基准,我们可以通过仅隔离净流出量来衡量大型实体估计的卖方压力强度。由此,可以得出三个关键观察结果:

  • 矿工的卖方压力增加往往发生在价格波动期间。

  • 在市场于 3 月创下新高后,ETF 流出占主导地位,而这主要由 GBTC 产品主导。

  • 过去几周来自德国政府的卖方资金非常庞大。然而,我们也可以看到,大多数流出发生在价格跌至 54,000 美元之后,这表明市场实际上抢在了新闻之前。

下图显示了自 73,000 美元的历史高点以来这些大型实体的累计净流出活动。从中我们可以看出,相对于政府卖方、ETF 流出和交易所存款量,来自矿工的卖方压力相对较小。

中心化交易所存款仍然是卖方压力最大且最持久的来源。然而,即使以这些主要交易场所为上限,我们也可以看到最近来自德国政府的卖方规模巨大。

随着我们对德国政府抛售压力的关注度不断上升,我们可以看到,他们的 48.8k BTC 余额在短短几周内就耗尽了。大部分资金是在 7 月 7 日至 7 月 10 日之间的一个非常短的时间内流出的,其中超过 39.8k BTC 从标记的钱包中流出。

有趣的是,这种抛售发生在市场触底 54,000 美元左右之后,这表明市场抢在了新闻之前。

稳定与投机

在经历了一段较长时间的震荡区间交易后,所有 ETF 的净流入总额经历了持续的资金流出。随着价格跌至 5.4 万美元的低点,ETF 持有者的平均流入成本基础已跌破,目前为 5.82 万美元。

作为回应,自 6 月初以来,ETF 首次出现了显著的正向收益,仅上周就有超过 10 亿美元的总流入量。

交易所的存入和提取量往往是衡量投资者兴趣和市场流动性的有力指标。在 3 月创下历史新高后,交易所流量明显下降,而 BTC 交易量(红色)此后一直保持每天约 15 亿美元的稳定基线。

如果我们比较以太坊(蓝色)的流入和流出结构,就会发现相对于 2021 年牛市周期,以太坊的兴趣明显减少。在 2021 年牛市周期的顶峰时期,ETH 的每日交易所流量几乎与 BTC 一样大。

这表明 2024 年的投机兴趣程度相对较低,与 2022 年周期低点以来 ETH 相对于 BTC 的普遍较弱的表现相一致。

投资者锁定的已实现利润和损失的规模也可以作为需求的替代指标。通过这个指标,我们可以看到类似的情况,大量需求支撑了涨势,随后是一段压缩和盘整期。

这强调了过去 3 个月供需之间正在建立的平衡。我们还可以看到,尽管市场从高点回调了超过 -25%,但迄今为止已实现损失并没有显著增加,这表明恐慌有限。

卖方净额

如果我们将 BTC 和 ETH 的交易所流入视为卖方压力,我们可以将其与稳定币的流入量进行比较,代表需求的代理。通过这个指标,我们能够评估市场中买方或卖方偏见之间的整体平衡。

我们可以通过以下框架来考虑这一点:

接近于零的值表明存在中性机制,其中买方流入量与来自两种主要资产的卖方压力大小相当。

  • 正值表明存在净买方机制,其中稳定币买方超过主要资产的卖方。(绿色)

  • 负值表明存在净卖方机制,其中卖方交易量超过可用的新稳定币资本来吸收它。(红色)

我们可以看到,自 2023 年中期以来,市场一直处于净卖方机制,但过去几个月来,这种机制一直在下降。

使用现货累计交易量增量 (CVD) 指标,我们可以看到类似的动态。此工具衡量中心化交易所买卖交易量之间的净差额。

从这个角度来看,我们可以看到自 3 月创下历史新高以来,卖方占据了显著的主导地位。然而,截至上周,CVD 已录得自 7 月以来的第一个净买方指标,表明现货市场面临的卖方压力有所减弱。

投资者盈利能力保持强劲

随着比特币价格跌至 53.5 万美元的局部低点,未实现亏损的货币供应量比例飙升至货币供应量的 25% 左右。这使得利润供应百分比指标回落至其长期平均值 75%,这是它在以往牛市调整期间的历史水平。

通过将长期和短期持有者持有的代币供应量百分比分开,我们可以评估价格收缩对这两个群体的影响。

在过去 30 天中,短期持有者 (STH) 群体的盈利能力急剧下降,超过 -66% 的供应量转为未实现亏损。这是有记录以来 STH 盈利能力的最大降幅之一。

这表明,大量“顶级买家”在最近几周的投资组合盈利能力受到挑战。

然而,对于相反的群体,即长期持有者,他们持有的供应量中获利的比例几乎没有变化。这表明,在 2021 年牛市高峰期,仍然持有代币的投资者相对较少。

总体而言,这表明 STH 群体仍然是最有可能对市场波动做出反应的主要群体,他们的平均成本基础目前约为 64.3k。

总结

考察主要卖方力量的规模,矿工历来是卖方压力的主要来源,然而,我们注意到,随着每次减半,他们对市场的影响回报都在递减。相反,ETF 流量和中心化交易所对价格行为的相关性令人信服地增长。

随着德国政府实现资产负债表的全面分配,比特币市场在上个月吸收了 48,000 BTC。德国政府卖方压力的完全消退为市场提供了充足的缓解,而需求方重新出现的初步迹象刺激了积极的价格行动。

短期持有者经历了一个充满挑战的月份,最近的调整使他们的很大一部分代币供应处于亏损状态。相反,成熟的投资者仍然坚定不移,盈利能力几乎没有下降,突显了他们令人印象深刻的信念和稳健的市场定位。

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