如何理解Vitalik对以太坊交易确认方法的思考?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-07-02Last updated on 2024-07-02

Abstract

优化主网交易确认时间更多是迎合 Layer2 发展大战略的考量?

原文作者:Haotian

相关阅读:

《Vitalik 钦点路线 Epoch and slot:为以太坊提供更快交易确认时间》

如何理解 @VitalikButerin 对以太坊交易确认方法的思考? 因为主网 5-20 s 的交易确认时间已经接近信用卡消费级别的速度,仅从用户感知看好像足够了。但相比 layer 2 毫秒级别的确认时间,主网和 layer 2 之间交易确认差异会存在一定安全风险,所以,优化主网交易确认时间更多是迎合 layer 2 发展大战略的考量?

1) 以太坊当前 Gasper 共识机制采取了 Slot(时隙)和 Epoch(时段)的核心概念,每个 Slot 持续 12 s,会选择一部分 Validators 来验证链的当前的交易状态进行投票,每 32 个 Slot 也就是 6.4 min 会构成一个时段,基本一个时段内所有的 validators 都会完成投票。而交易终局性(Finality)通常要经过两个时段即 12.8 分钟,这意味着一笔交易发起后的 12.8 分钟后才会具备不可逆转特性。

2)Vitalik 认为时间过于长,对当前的 Gasper 共识机制表示不满,提出了 Single-slot finality 单时隙终局性改进方法,该方法可以确保每个区块在下一个区块生成内前就完成终局性确认,因此可以加快终局性确认时间。只是终局确认和交易确认是两码事,这和用户感知到的 5-20 s 的交易确认关联并不大,但是如果对应到 layer 2 网络上问题就大了。

3)因为 layer 2 用户提交并确认交易的时间会更短,不仅优于 5-20 s 的用户感知时间,可能会达到毫秒级别。这源于 layer 2 整体采用的预交易确认机制使然。不过,若 layer 1 主网的交易终局确认时间过长,理论上 layer 2 上就会存在一些时间差风险:比如,用户在 L1 上快速确认了并采取了后续的操作,但可能因 L1 的状态确认滞后导致资金损失;况且,由于 layer 2 本身都存在一定中心化风险,越长的时间差会存在潜在的中心化作乱的未可知风险。

4)所以,在我看来,Vitalik 新文对于以太坊主网交易确认时间的优化,某种程度上是为了迎合 layer 2 系统和 layer 1 系统共同推进的大战略。虽然市场上有人在唱衰 layer 2 ,但 layer 2 俨然成了以太坊发展过程中必须要稳固的方向。

很显然,以太坊未来必定是「分层」战略推进,靠 layer 1 专注做安全和去中心化,靠 layer 2 提供稳定且可靠的交互结算环境会是大势所趋。Vitalik 提出加速交易确认,本质上是为了减少 layer 1 和 layer 2 之间的分层摩擦,给用户一个 layer 2 体验更优的前端交互环境和一个更安全的后端结算基础。

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