减半后比特币费用飙升:简析符文背后的博弈机制

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-04-22Last updated on 2024-04-22

Abstract

按照当前的手续费消耗,符文资产发行可能不会持久。

原文作者:Jimmy Song

原文编译:Luffy,Foresight News

比特币减半是计划之中的事件,是比特币上每隔一段时间就会发生的节日之一。与软分叉激活和各种金融工具推出一样,它是每隔几年才会发生的难以预测的日子,因此,比特币爱好者和主流媒体都尤为关注。

减半后比特币费用飙升:简析符文背后的博弈机制

今年的减半同样备受期待,但我们遇到了一些小插曲,需要进一步解释。比特币第四次减半,区块补贴从 6.25 BTC 降至 840, 000 区块的 3.125 BTC,这正如预期的那样,但出乎意料的是随之而来的 37.626 BTC 手续费,这是比特币有史以来交易费用与区块补贴的比率最高的区块,其中一笔交易就支付了近 8 BTC 的手续费。

更多的手续费

不仅第 840, 000 个区块的手续费很高,接下来的 5 个区块的手续费也很高:分别为 4.486、 6.99、 16.068、 24.008 和 29.821 BTC,这创造了历史记录,比特币网络从未发生过类似的情况。

到目前为止的比特币历史中,手续费高于区块补贴的是非常罕见的。在区块奖励为 50 和 25 BTC 的时代,确实出现过一些,但这些都是用户的错误(通常是忘记输入找零地址)导致的,而且几乎所有的费用都来自一次错误交易。在区块补贴为 12.5 BTC 的时代, 2017 年底有几笔交易的累计手续费超过了区块补贴。而在刚刚结束的 6.25 BTC 时代,序数热潮期间有很多区块手续费超过了区块补贴。

尽管如此,这种情况还是相对罕见的,即使在比特币第四次减半之前的一段时间,大多数区块手续费也不超过 1.5 BTC。然而,在这个 3.125 BTC 补贴的新时代,截至本文撰写时(区块 840018),每个区块的手续费都超过了补贴,有些甚至超过了补贴的几倍。那么发生了什么?为什么减半之后区块的手续费如此之高?

符文

原因与一种名为符文(Runes)的新协议有关。这是 Casey Rodarmor 于 2023 年 9 月设计的另一种基于比特币的彩色币协议。主要思想是允许在原生 UTXO 集上发行代币。

现在回顾一下,彩色币已经存在很长时间了。其主要思想是,你可以将某些比特币交易输出「染色」,使其输出中除了比特币金额之外,还具有其他含义。它可以是另一种「资产」,并作为代币发行。这种协议的首次实施发生在 11 年前的 2013 年,此后有过多次尝试,包括 MasterCoin(更名为 Omni)、CounterParty,以及最近的 RGB、Taro Assets 和 BRC-20 。

正如 Rodarmor 在他的博客中所说,他制定新协议的动机是将其他链发行的部分资产引入比特币。为了让这个协议的发布更加有趣,Rodarmor 决定在区块 840, 000 开始发行,从而导致了我们看到的混乱。

简化与博弈论

Casey Rodarmor 也是序数(ordinals)的创造者,他采用了其中的一个概念,即使用符文上的大写拉丁字母来命名资产。这是一个正常的选择,但是当发生冲突时会发生什么?如果两个资产有相同的名称,我们如何区分它们?

为了简化操作,该协议只需查找已存在的资产,如果名称与现有资产冲突,则不会发行新资产。这确实简化了客户端,并为每项资产提供了全局唯一的名称。不幸的是,这也带来了一些可怕的激励问题。

狙击资产发行

第一个激励问题是,如果发行资产的交易被发送到比特币内存池,那么当该交易被广播到网络节点时,其他观察者可以通过更早的交易来窃取名称。

现在,比特币中的「更早」是一个严格的概念。区块是有序的,区块内的交易也是有序的,先到先得。但如果你想抢占一个好的符号名称,你可以寻找试图创建新资产的内存池交易,并以更高的费用创建自己的资产。这就是狙击的本质。

这种情况真正可怕的是,两笔交易都有可能进入区块,但只有第一笔交易能成功发行资产。第二笔交易不会发行资产,但仍需支付费用。

矿工通常按费率对交易进行排序,因此更高的费用可能意味着他们将能够发行资产。我说「可能」,因为这里还有第二个激励问题,我稍后会讨论。但从博弈论的角度来看,双方都被激励不断提高费用以超越对方。这种动态类似竞价拍卖,参与者最终会做出理性的选择,但会得到非理性的结果(例如为 1 美元支付 1.5 美元)。每个失败者都会付出大量费用却一无所获。

二阶博弈

考虑到上述机制的存在,许多发行人最初故意设定高额费用以阻止任何人试图抢占该符号也就不足为奇了。毕竟,如果你的抢占尝试失败了,那么你就会损失你试图抢占的费用。出于这个原因,RBF(费用替换) 的使用也显著增加,这样你就可以先发制人,而抢占者也可以对发行人采取同样的行动。

请注意,RBF 在这里无法避免支付费用,因为替换交易必须支付比之前交易更多的费用。无论哪种方式,矿工最终都会受益。

现在回到矿工的角色。如果愿意,矿工可以优先考虑费用较低的交易,将其包含在区块。事实上,激励措施是尽可能给予矿工场外费用,以便通过不透露您支付了多少钱来以某种方式排序交易。此协议中的矿工具有很大的杠杆作用。

结论

Runes 导致了比特币网络一些非常高的手续费。很难知道这种设计是有意还是无意的,我们知道的是 Runes 在过去几个月里一直被炒作,并且人们一直在期待,而且作为协议下发行的首批资产之一,它肯定具有一定的营销价值。

可悲的是,除了山寨币完全中心化的正常骗局之外,区块空间拥堵的成本更高,目前 1000 sats/vbyte 的费用不足以进入某些区块。符文资产发行目前几乎覆盖了所有其他用例。

话虽如此,但目前的 Runes 发行速度完全不可持续。仅在前 18 个区块中,就花费了超过 2000 万美元的费用,其中大部分用于 Runes 发行。按照这个速度,Runes 发行者每天将花费 1.5 亿美元或每周花费 10 亿美元。老实说,我认为他们这种情况不会持续太久。与此同时,成为生产这些区块的矿工一定很开心。

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