破局Layer2:上游ZK技术服务如何释放市场新动能?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-04-19Last updated on 2024-04-19

Abstract

当 ZK 技术在混合 Rollup、ZK 跨链桥、ZK 硬件加速等领域进一步普及后,Layer2 市场会焕发新的生机。

原文作者:Haotian

很多人以为,ZK-Rollup 是以太坊 layer 2 的 Endgame,不过随着研究深入,我发现称得上终局的并非 ZK-Rollup 形态,而是 ZK 技术本身。因为理论上 OP-Rollup 也可利用 ZK 技术缩小 7 天挑战期时间限制,甚至抹去 MPC 多签治理缺陷。该如何理解呢?本文将以 @Metis L2 及其背后的技术硬核项目 @ProjectZKM 为例展开探讨:

我在此前一篇文章中也阐述了「ZK 技术」做 layer 2 扩容只被挖掘了有限的潜力,在全链免信任可交互操作性还要很大的发挥空间。具象到 layer 2 应用场景内,可直接带来两大影响:

1)layer 2 和 layer 1 的资金跨链将可直接基于 ZK 底层技术做安全资产确定性交割,使用 ZK 技术,OP-Rollup 可大幅缩短资金 Withdraw 所需的 7 天等待挑战周期;

2)layer 2 的 Prover 验证系统和 layer 1 的 Rollup 验证合约可实现跨主体链的可信环境构建,理论上,可以不必再以中心化或半中心化 MPC 多签这类饱受诟病的「人治」模式来保障安全;

其实, @Metis L2 作为一条基于 OP-Rollup 技术框架的 layer 2 链,早已经通过 ZK 底层技术实现了以上两个维度的 layer 2 底层架构范式跃迁:

一方面通过 OP-Rollup+ZK-Rollup 的混合 Rollup 框架优化了用户 Withdraw 提币需要等待 7 天的使用体验,可以更快释放流动性;

另一方面,以 Metis layer 2 来实验目标逐步践行 @ProjectZKM 在跨链主体可交互操作性上的「免信任」框架实现,将 ZK 作为基础架构构建的去中心化协处理器作为可信主体,来生成 Proof、验证 Proof 并管理跨链区块链节点之间的通信和信任机制。具体如何做呢?

混合 Hybrid Rollup

正常情况下,一条 layer 2 要么是 OP-Rollup 基于乐观 7 天挑战期证明的 Rollup 结构,要么是 ZK-Rollup 基于 ZK-SNARKs 的单区块 Finality 的证明结构。

前者 Batch 交易速率快手续费低,不足之处是当用户从 2 层提取资金到 1 层是需要等待 7 天的挑战等待期,因为按照 OP-Rollup 的乐观 Batch 要义,只有提现资金超过 7 天内不被挑战回溯,理论上这笔资金的撤出才称得上安全;

后者 ZK-SNARKs 的 Proofs 传输结构,能够在单区块就实现 Finality 资产安全确认,不足之处是出了 Batch 交易的 DA 成本之外,额外会新增 Prover 系统计算验证成本,且 2 层生态建设对开发者团队的起步门槛较高,生态发展速度较慢。

那么,如何才能既应用 OP-Rollup 整体架构的易用性,同时又能免受其 7 天挑战期(锁流动性)的限制?答案就是:将 2 层 Batch 回主网的交易进行分「通道」处理,Common 交易走 OP-Rolluo 管道,而特别 Withdraw 交易则走 ZK-Rollup 管道,如此以来,就采纳了 OP 和 ZK 的二者所长,成为一种折中最优解方案。

Metis 已经将混合 Rollup 方案落实到自己的链运转常态过程中,而为其提供这一混合 Rollup 能力的正是由 Metis 技术团队孵化打造的「全新」硬核 ZK 技术底层项目 @ProjectZKM,Metis 团队在运营 layer 2 过程中发现了一些固有常态问题,除了带头攻克去中心化 Sequencer 难题外,还目标通过 ZKM 来解决 layer 2 发展过程中存在的「MPC 半中心化」和「锁流动性」等一系列问题;

乍一说,大家可能觉得会很抽象,原因我在上一篇写 ZK 技术的文章中解释过了,这类服务目前还处于 layer 2 技术服务供应链的上游,虽然硬核,但是并没有被大范围采纳,所以听上去还很陌生。ZKM 和 RISC Zero 一样,目标都是要基于 ZK 底层技术框架来为 layer 2 项目提供更上游的安全巩固服务。

目前,ZKM 为 layer 2 所需的混合 Rollup 提供其中的 ZK-Rollup 的管道服务,底层还有一个 Entangled Rollup 协议,来提供 unified liquidity 统一流动性管理服务。

事实上, @ProjectZKM、 @RiscZero、以及 @SuccinctLabs 等 ZK 技术上游的服务商都在推动类似的技术方案普及,进而帮助 OP-Rollup 和 ZK-Rollup 进一步降低差异,同时减少压根无 Battle-Tested 挑战存在的 7 天挑战等待对流动性的损耗。不完全统计,像 Metis、Fraxchain、Aztec、Ola 等都已在探索践行这类混合 Rollup 方案的落地。

基于 ZK 免跨链桥信任机制

现在大部分 layer 2 都被诟病主网 Rollup 合约存在 Update 代理合约被半中心化的 MPC 安全治理委员会控制的问题,这导致大部分 layer 2 安全性都停留在 Vitalik 所说的 Stage 0 阶段。

ZKM、RISC Zero 这类上游的 ZK 技术服务商,理论上可以让每一个具备智能合约功能的链之间实现免 MPC 多签跨链桥的去中心化可信环境构建。

原理很简单,ZK-SNARKs 可以让两条链维护共识的节点直接建立通信,A 链的节点在接收到 B 链节点 Submit 的交易和 ZKP 证明后,可以自主验证 ZKP 证明的有效性,进而接受 B 链提交的 Proofs 具有有效性。整个过程完全靠零知识证明算法来实现,并不需要第三方人为主体来控制。

至于来调度节点之间通信的协处理器本身可以用去中心化开源的架构来实现,从而彻底实现 Rollup 跨链存在的「中心化」问题。

由于以太坊具备智能合约完备性,理论上以太坊的 layer 2 都具备基于 ZK 技术跨链的基础条件。理想情况下,layer 2 都采用同一套 ZK 技术框架来部署跨链方案,其他 layer 1 链甚至 layer 3 链也都一同并入此网络通信架构内,以后的以太坊公链不就成了一个全链环境下的通用结算层了么?

之所以目前大部分 layer 2 项目方不愿意舍去 MPC 多签名主体管理,主要还是安全防控所需,根本原因在我看来是因为:整个 layer 2 层面的去中心化 Sequencer、去中心化 Prover 以及去中心化 zkBridge 等基础组件服务的普及并不到位。在此情况下,保留中心化或半中心化安全治理委员会反倒成了较安全的治理方式。

不过,拉长周期看,随着 layer 2 在去中心化组件上普及,layer 2 的安全治理方式定然会被放大诟病,届时一套基于 ZK 底层的跨链结算方案则会成为必须。ZK 技术基础设施赛道的后续发展潜力,可想而知。

以上

不夸张的说,眼下的以太坊 layer 2 已经陷入发展困局:要么靠 layer 2 或 layer 3 的应用生态出一个现象级王炸项目来提振大家对 layer 2 的市场信心,要么只能靠进一步提升 Sequencer、Prover 以及 zkBridge 等关键组件的去中心化来继续丰满技术叙事。而后者走到底必然需要一套基于 ZK 技术的底层框架来衔接,没有 OP-Rollup 和 ZK-Rollup 的形态区分,到时候 ZK 的 Endgame 特性才会真正显现。

唯有顺着这条路径发展,layer 2 的发展方向才不会被证伪,而且基于此还能延伸发展 ZK 硬件设备加速;ZK+DePIN PC、移动端、IOT 等硬件设备支撑;ZK 防篡改云计算数据保护;ZK 去中心化 Prover 系统构建及算力资源优化等等诸多叙事方向。

事实上,在 AI、ZK、DePIN 的赛道交汇处已经有很多类似的项目在逐日凸显身位。

Metis 在 layer 2 的发展思路以及硬核 ZKM 项目的初衷也是如此,让 ZK 技术更加通用化应用到全球 layer 2 市场构建的每一环;除此之外,我个人投研还留意到一些项目,诸如在 ZK 硬件和芯片加速上持续耕耘的 @cysic_xyz ,还有在 ZK Prover 去中心化算力系统上逐步落地实践的 @ola_zkzkvm 等等。

总之,我要再次重申我的观点,ZK 技术目前在 layer 2 领域的应用只是冰山一角,当 ZK 技术在混合 Rollup、ZK 跨链桥、ZK 硬件加速等领域进一步通用普及后,相信也会给 layer 2 市场带来新的生机。

毕竟,整个 layer 2 市场要接纳这种 ZK 筑底升级范式也还需要很长的时间。

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