不仅仅是 Twitter,俄罗斯最大社交网络 VK 将集成 NFT

白泽研究院Published on 2022-02-24Last updated on 2022-03-03

Abstract

VKontakte 对于 NFT 的集成,不仅仅是加入了全球社交媒体对于“创作者经济”的追逐,也顺应了该国政策风向。

出品 | 白泽研究院
俄罗斯最大的社交网络 VKontakte 的技术总监 Alexander Tobol 在接受俄媒采访时表示,计划在其运营中集成 NFT 和区块链技术。
NFT 全称 Non-Fungible Token,即非同质化代币/不可替代代币,具有不可分割、不可替代、独一无二等特点。与之相对的,便是大家比较熟悉的比特币、ERC-20 的加密货币,他们都属于同质化代币,即 FT(Fungible Token),可以互相代替,也可以拆分。举例来说,中本聪手里的一个比特币和我手里的一个比特币是没有任何区别的。
对于 NFT 来说,2021 年是最疯狂的一年。尽管早在 2017 年区块链游戏「CryptoKitties」就将 NFT 带入大众视野,但 NFT 在 2021 年经历了多次里程碑事件。加密艺术家 Beeple 的“Everydays NFT”以创纪录的 6900 万美元的拍卖价格创造了最昂贵艺术品的记录;老牌拍卖行佳士得和苏富比开始拍卖 NFT 艺术品;社交网络 Twitter 的前首席执行官 Jack Dorsey 将有史以来第一条推文的 NFT 版本以 250 万美元的价格售出。
包括 YouTube、Twitter、Facebook、TikTok、Link 和 Reddit 在内的几家社交媒体巨头已经表达出了对 NFT 领域的兴趣,宣布将在其平台上集成 NFT 功能;包括 Ubisoft、EA、Square Enix 在内的几家游戏开发巨头也将 NFT 看作是游戏行业未来的重要组成部分,特别是一直寻求在其收入模式中使用 NFT,因为视频游戏是整合该资产的完美方式。如今 VKontakte 也加入其中。

俄罗斯


VKontakte 集成 NFT
在俄罗斯,提起社交媒体,人们一定告诉你是 VKontakte,它像中国的微信在汉语人群中的巨大影响力一样,是全俄罗斯以及俄语地区影响力最大的商业化社交媒体平台,也是俄罗斯用户量最大的社交软件。截至 2021 年 4 月,VK 在全球拥有近 6.5 亿用户,目前月活人数为 9700 万,每日消息总量高达 150 亿条。
VKontakte 开发于 2006 年,由帕维尔·杜罗夫(Pavel Durov)创建,仅用了 2 年的时间便超过了俄罗斯另外一个社交网站 Odnoklassniki。玩法类似于微博与微信的结合,可以关注社团、关注名人,获得定制化内容推送,关注公众号,看新闻看视频,发布动态,以及好友聊天,满足了用户对于聊天、音乐、视频、在线支付等各方面的需求。

俄罗斯


在接受采访时,技术总监 Alexander Tobol 表示,集成 NFT 和区块链,将是用户生成内容货币化和保护版权的一套工具的一部分。在某种程度上来说,NFT 是内容唯一性的数字证书,不可伪造。
然而,VKontakte 并不打算创建自己的区块链,而是打算充当中介和助手,用户创建的 NFT 可以在各种 NFT 市场上进行交易:
“技术完善的历史已经过去了,各类平台已经出现,区块链已经出现。但目前没有足够的产品将其转移给用户。作为俄罗斯最大的服务商并且拥有大量用户,我们的任务正是提供可以轻松根据内容创建的 NFT,然后将其放置在交易所上。我们并不打算选择某某区块链去创建内容,我们假设在创建 NFT 代币时,以某种方式从 VK 背书,对我们而言,该内容是独一无二的。然后用户可以在各种平台上进行交易,无论是 Solanart、OpenSea 还是任何其他 NFT 市场。”
虽然目前 NFT 全球市场估值在 20~350 亿美元,预计 2025 年将增长至 800 亿美元,但欺诈、抄袭、假冒问题仍然不容小觑。最大的 NFT 市场 OpenSea 曾表示,使用其免费工具创建的所有 NFT 中,有超过 80% 是抄袭或伪造的。
为此,VKontakte 将使用其现有的内容 ID 系统来验证所有音乐和视频创作者的身份,不论是在 VKontakte 里还是在内容数据库中:
“这主要是关于对内容独特性的信任。但如果你通过内容 ID 系统,保证该内容在本平台或世界各地是独一无二的,那么总的来说版权归你所有。一方面保证了唯一性,另一方面保证了版权。将区块链和 NFT 联合起来,这才是真正的为创作者打开新世界的通用解决方案。我认为未来几年情况将发生巨大变化。”
俄罗斯转向加密监管法规 
VKontakte 向区块链领域的转变正值俄罗斯建立加密监管框架的时期。 
多年来,俄罗斯以可用于洗钱或资助恐怖主义的观点一直反对加密货币,它最终在 2020 年赋予了加密货币合法地位,但禁止投资者将其用作支付手段。
今年 1 月,俄罗斯央行发表了一篇报告,标题为《加密货币:趋势、风险、措施》,报告中称,加密货币具有波动性,通常用于欺诈和洗钱等犯罪活动。加密货币通过为私人筹集从国民经济中提取资金的途径,产生了削弱国民经济的风险,并使监管机构维持最佳货币政策的工作更加困难。 
因此,该银行认为应加强对使用加密货币进行支付的现有限制,并对使用加密货币购买或销售产品、服务或劳动力的俄罗斯个人和企业进行处罚。需要一个从根本上禁止该国任何与加密相关业务的新法规,具体而言,必须禁止加密货币的发行及其在俄罗斯的流通组织,包括交易所、场外交易商和点对点交易平台。

俄罗斯


对于加密货币的支付用例,央行认为目前正在开发的中央银行数字货币(CBDC)可以满足俄罗斯人未来对快速和廉价数字支付的需求,在提供与加密货币同等好处的同时还没有风险。
俄罗斯央行对加密货币的反对态度可追溯到去年 8 月,当时,俄罗斯联邦金融监测局聘请了一家公司开发加密货币跟踪工具,以打击非法活动。9 月,该银行开始推迟向加密货币交易所付款,旨在防止投资者“情绪化”购买加密货币。12 月,据路透社报道,俄罗斯央行正在与“市场参与者和专家”就可能的彻底禁令进行谈判。
不过,就在央行提出加密货币禁令不到一周后,俄罗斯财政部却表达出了完全相反的态度,认为禁止加密货币将导致俄罗斯在高科技行业落后,并起草了关于监管加密行业的概念的法案,包括将比特币等加密货币视为投资工具而不是支付工具;通过银行将进行所有加密货币交易者、持有者以及投资者分类为合格或不合格,以确定投资者可以投资的金额上限,以此来保护投资者;此外,国外的加密货币交易所也必须获得为该国客户服务的许可证,并满足反洗钱准则。
目前,该法案正在初始阶段,预计于几周后向政府发布通知,在 3 月 18 日之前完成公众咨询。
对于俄央行与财政部之间的意见分歧,俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京 (Vladimir Putin) 在政府成员的一次会议上表示,希望二者就在俄罗斯禁止或监管加密货币“达成某种共识”。不过普京也表示,俄罗斯的确在满足必要的电力需求方面处于有利地位。“我们这里确实有一些竞争优势,尤其是在所谓的挖矿方面。我指的是我国充裕的电力和训练有素的技术人员。”
在财政部推动加密监管法案的同时,经济部提出了其关于加密货币挖矿监管的建议。经济部认为,应将加密货币挖矿视为一种商业活动,并参照日本和德国,在将加密货币兑换成卢布时征收税收。应允许在发电量持续过剩的地区进行挖矿,为降低公司挖矿成本,该部门建议降低将矿场和数据处理中心连接到能源的费率,并为电网公司设定低关税,因此,挖矿设备与电力的成本将变得很便宜。对于该建议,俄罗斯能源部表示支持。
一些政府分析师预计,如果该行业受到监管,俄罗斯每年可以从加密市场收取 1 万亿卢布(130 亿美元)的税收。
值得一提的是,俄罗斯的一些主要的金融机构最近也提出支持在该国监管加密货币的想法。例如俄罗斯银行业巨头 Sberbank 执行董事会副主席 Anatoly Popov 同意这一立场,并呼吁应尽快采取适当的监管措施:加密市场的所有必要基础设施都已经存在,包括经纪账户、数字金融资产平台。
由此来看,VKontakte 对于 NFT 的集成,不仅仅是加入了全球社交媒体对于“创作者经济”的追逐,也顺应了本国政策风向。
NFT 成为内容变现解决方案
近几个月来,社交媒体巨头对于 NFT 的集成趋势一直在上升。
YouTube 首席执行官 Susan Wojcicki 在宣布集成 NFT 时表示,Web3 是其灵感来源,将帮助创作者利用新兴技术,包括 NFT,继续加强和提升创作者和粉丝在 YouTube 上的体验。
创作者经济的是一种让创作者在获取劳动所得及与用户互动过程中占有主导权的新模式。与创作者经济相对的原有模式是创作者依靠经纪商、科技公司提供的分发平台与用户对接。分发平台利用其在推广创作作品和获取用户流量方面的优势,对作品资源和用户流量的分配和获益方式实际上拥有主控权,并通过插入一些算法推荐等广告业务为其带来更多收益,以致于并不需要关心创作者是否能捕获忠实的付费粉丝。这在一定程度上会削弱创作者作品的有效传播能力,创作者的实际收益也因为中介成本变得很少,大部分利润被中介获取。
与“创作者经济”相关的产业,不管是文学、音乐、视频还是社交等面临着一些困境,比如:
-创作者收入不足
-优秀作品被埋没
-常态化版权纠纷
由于 NFT 不可篡改、不可分割的特性,又依托区块链技术保证数字资产的唯一性、真实性和永久性,NFT 可对任何图像、音乐、游戏道具等现实资产进行映射,任何类型的内容都可以货币化,并让所有者对内容有更多的自主权。
音乐行业已经迅速将 NFT 作为解决方案。最近几个月萌生出了一些音乐 NFT 平台,从 Eminem 到 The Weeknd 等知名艺术家也推出了 NFT 形式的音乐专辑。直接优势之一是增加了艺术家与粉丝之间联系的机会。无论是通过奖励、独家访问权限、所有权等方式,音乐 NFT 正在成为音乐社区建设和参与的最强大工具之一。
有了 NFT,不再需要接触成千上万的粉丝来实现创作生涯的可持续性——现在,各种规模的创作者都可以从他们的内容中获得公平。


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