HashrateIndex: 大逆转 回望2023年比特币矿业

吴说Published on 2024-01-23Last updated on 2024-01-23

Abstract

2023 年是比特币挖矿行业的复苏年。比特币在 FTX 帝国崩溃引发的市场崩盘后以接近 17000 美元的价格跨入了 2023 年。算力价格一直处在历史最低水平(60 美元 PH/天)下方。最大的上市矿企 Core Scientific 正在经历破产清算,而许多其他矿企如 Iris、Greenidge 和 Argo 正在进行债务重组,许多其他矿企也将很快加入他们的行列。由于算力价格压缩和电费上涨,北美地区诸多矿工当时正在面不断逼近 盈亏平衡点。

2023 年是比特币挖矿行业的复苏年。比特币在 FTX 帝国崩溃引发的市场崩盘后以接近 17000 美元的价格跨入了 2023 年。算力价格一直处在历史最低水平(60 美元 PH/天)下方。最大的上市矿企 Core Scientific 正在经历破产清算,而许多其他矿企如 Iris、Greenidge 和 Argo 正在进行债务重组,许多其他矿企也将很快加入他们的行列。由于算力价格压缩和电费上涨,北美地区诸多矿工当时正在面不断逼近 盈亏平衡点。

而 2023 年着实惊艳了所有人。币价迅速从 FTX 崩溃后的最低点反弹,并在全年内实现了 149% 的上涨。算力价格在 2023 年上涨了 71%,这是自 2022 年出现 76% 跌幅后的一个极大逆转;这种复苏在很大程度上得益于交易费用牛市,这些费用主要来自铭文和序数活动,这是一种新的基于比特币的 NFT/数字收藏品标准,为矿工创造了纪录性的交易费用收入。从大多数指标来看,2023 年是 2022 年市场崩溃的完全逆转。

比特币算力倍增

2023 年,比特币算力经历了爆炸性的增长。其 7 天平均算力值从 255 EH/s 增长到 516 EH/s,增幅达到 102%,这远远超过了 2021 年和 2022 年时 18% 和 41% 的涨幅。2023 年比特币 7 天平均算力的平均值为 382 EH/s,比 2022 年时的 220 EH/s 增长了 73%。此外,2023 年比特币算力 7 天平均值和 30 天平均值均达到了历史最高水平,分别为 545 EH/s 和 510 EH/s。

2023 年是比特币挖矿行业的复苏年。比特币在 FTX 帝国崩溃引发的市场崩盘后以接近 17000 美元的价格跨入了 2023 年。算力价格一直处在历史最低水平(60 美元 PH/天)下方。最大的上市矿企 Core Scientific 正在经历破产清算,而许多其他矿企如 Iris、Greenidge 和 Argo 正在进行债务重组,许多其他矿企也将很快加入他们的行列。由于算力价格压缩和电费上涨,北美地区诸多矿工当时正在面不断逼近 盈亏平衡点。

而 2023 年着实惊艳了所有人。币价迅速从 FTX 崩溃后的最低点反弹,并在全年内实现了 149% 的上涨。算力价格在 2023 年上涨了 71%,这是自 2022 年出现 76% 跌幅后的一个极大逆转;这种复苏在很大程度上得益于交易费用牛市,这些费用主要来自铭文和序数活动,这是一种新的基于比特币的 NFT/数字收藏品标准,为矿工创造了纪录性的交易费用收入。从大多数指标来看,2023 年是 2022 年市场崩溃的完全逆转。

比特币算力倍增

2023 年,比特币算力经历了爆炸性的增长。其 7 天平均算力值从 255 EH/s 增长到 516 EH/s,增幅达到 102%,这远远超过了 2021 年和 2022 年时 18% 和 41% 的涨幅。2023 年比特币 7 天平均算力的平均值为 382 EH/s,比 2022 年时的 220 EH/s 增长了 73%。此外,2023 年比特币算力 7 天平均值和 30 天平均值均达到了历史最高水平,分别为 545 EH/s 和 510 EH/s。

图一:2022 年和 2023 年比特币算力走势对比

算力价格在 2023 年初接近历史最低水平,大多数指标均表明其或将趋势下降,要么在全年保持平稳。但与比特币一样,美元本位下算力价格在 2023 年超出了市场预期,在全年内涨幅达到了惊人的 71%,从 59.42 美元/PH/天涨至每日 101.78 美元/PH/天;相比之下,2022 年算力价格下降了 76%,从 246.85 美元/PH/天下降到 59.42 美元/PH/天。尽管如此,2023 年的平均算力价格为 74.73 美元/PH/天,而 2022 年为 123.87 美元/PH/天,降幅为 40%。

图二:美元本位下 2022 年和 2023 年算力价格走势对比

主要是由于铭文引起的交易费用波动,相比于 2022 年,算力价格在 2023 波动性更大。

2022 年的算力价格波动受币价的侵蚀影响。当比特币价格在 2022 年转向 2023 年时找到了底部,波动率降至自 2020 年 7 月以来的最低水平,并在 10 月的第一天再次降至多年低点,达到自 2018 年 11 月以来的最低点。到年底,交易费用牛市将算力价格波动推至自 2020 年 5 月以来的最高水平,当时算力价格正在对比特币的第三次减半做出反应。

图三:美元本位下算力价格 30 天波动一览

序数和铭文活动助推交易费用

2023 年最大的黑马是基于比特币的非同质化代币(NFT)的新技术标准:序数和铭文。这种在比特币上创建数字文物/艺术品的新方法,使交易费用重新成为挖矿收入的重要来源。

事实上,2023 年是比特币交易费用收益历史上排名倒数第二;矿工在 2023 年获得了 797,867,915 美元元的交易费用,仅次于 2021 年创下的 1,019,725,113 美元。交易费用占 2023 年区块奖励的 7.6%,而 2022 年占比仅有 1.5%。

图四:交易费用占比区块奖励变化一览

矿机市场触底

矿机价格在 2023 年初呈下降趋势,最终于 2023 年第四季度触底。

随着币价从 16000 美元回升,矿机价格在 2023 年第一季度时低点反弹,但在年初短暂的价格回升后,第二季度和第三季度继续呈现出下跌趋势。目前为止,下一代矿机价格在 10 月份达到低点,新一代矿机在 11 月底/12 月初时达到低点;自那时起,它们在对第四季度的算力价格反弹做出反应后反弹。

图五:不同效率等级矿机价格走势对比

仔细观察新旧矿机型号,我们可以看到随着 2023 年的推进,新一代矿机溢价率上升。下图显示了美元本位下新旧机型之间单位算力(TH)差价的百分比差异,订单量 MOQ 为 1-200。

图六:新旧矿机价格溢价及算力价格

电价轻微下跌

美国电力和燃料价格在 2022 年经历了创纪录性的通货膨胀。进入 2023 年,通货膨胀带来的冲击有所缓解,而且只针对工业用电消费者。

从 2023 年 1 月到 10 月(最新数据),美国工业用电平均价格为 81.3 美元/兆瓦时,比 2022 年同期的 83.2 美元/兆瓦时下降了 2.3%。在同一时期,2023 年商业用电平均成本从 2022 年的 128.1 美元/兆瓦时上涨了 3.1%,达到 124.3 美元/兆瓦时,而居民用电平均成本从 2022 年的 0.15 美元/千瓦时上涨到 2023 年的 0.16 美元/千瓦时。

图七:2023 年 10 月美国工业用电平均价格

托管费率下降

总体而言,2023 年比特币挖矿托管费用有所下降。

虽然没有一种通用的比特币挖矿托管方式,但费率通常会根据能源市场出现上涨或下跌。事实上,随着能源和电力价格的上涨,我们看到 2022 年的托管费用急剧上升,以至于平均全部托管费用在 2022 年第四季度达到 0.082 美元/千瓦时;当时算力价格处于 55-62 美元/PH/日的范围内,这种费率会使许多矿工无法盈利(除非他们有下一代设备)。

图八:加拿大各省平均托管费率

图九:2022 年 Q4 和 2023 年 Q4 美国各州平均托管费率对比

比特币矿业股票回暖

2023 年是比特币及其挖矿行业的复苏之年,比特币挖矿股票当然也不例外。

投资者将比特币挖矿股票视为比特币暴露的高贝塔工具,因此随着币价和算力价格反弹,比特币矿业股的反弹甚至更加强烈诸多股票在 2023 年期间看到了三位数的回报。

图十:各大矿业股票股价走势对比

由于几乎每家上市矿企在 2023 年都享受到了卓越的股价增长,这些公司的财务状况在 2023 年底比 2022 年更加健康。

图十一:各大上市矿企财务状况

2023 年是大多数上市矿企实行扩张的一年。在我们追踪的 12 家矿企中,有 7 家在全年内将其算力增加了一倍以上。Marathon 增长最为迅速,其算力从 7 EH/s 扩展到 24.7 EH/s。

图十二:各大上市矿企算力持有对比

2023 年针对比特币挖矿产业的重大监管政策及相关法案

2023 年可能是针对比特币挖矿行业提出政策建议和正式政府行动的最活跃的一年之一。在美国,2023 年的显著特点是州级机构采取了重要行动来监管这一行业,包括所谓的“挖矿权”法律,旨在(有时成功地)通过将比特币挖矿实体视为数据中心来为其建立法律保护。

图十三:2023 年对于全球比特币挖矿业的监管政策及法案

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