.details .details-cont p, p {word-break: normal; text-align: unset} p img {text-align: center !important;} 注:原文来自@wangfeng_0128发布长推。
更新/周末读书笔记。比特币即将通过ETF,这一超级利好的主旋律,辅以各种新概念新协议新狂想的变奏,令人期待又不安。重新梳理了塔勒布四部曲《随机漫步的傻瓜》、《黑天鹅》、《反脆弱》和《非对称风险》中的一些主要观点,拼凑为二十二条零散内容。对于我这样一个普通投资者而言,有在投资决策上醍醐灌顶的警醒,也有在投资态度上如遇知音的慰籍。也希望能有朋友共鸣。
很多人听说过他所定义的术语,比如黑天鹅和反脆弱。当然后来提出对应相反的灰犀牛。老爷子是集股市操盘手和经济学思想家于一身的神人。目前是纽约大学特聘教授,曾在纽约和伦敦交易多种衍生性金融商品,在芝加哥当过营业厅的独立交易员。诺贝尔经济学奖得主丹尼尔·卡内曼称其“改变了世界对于‘不确定性’的态度。”
//随机漫步的傻瓜
一、在很短的时间内,我们观察到的是投资组合的变异性,而不是报酬率。我们观察到的更可能是变异和报酬的组合,而不仅是报酬。短期的波动是各种随机性造就的。
二、在市场上的任一时间点,获利最多的交易员,可能是最适合上一个循环的人。每种市场风格都有赢家,这一轮的赢家下一轮可能会因为不适合市场而巨亏。
三、随机性对于人们生活的巨大影响,许多看上去合理的解释在随机性面前不堪一击。但是,太密切注意随机性的人反倒会心力交瘁,每天盯盘玩短线得不偿失,最大痛苦是精神折磨。
四、学会从稀有事件中获利
这种事件不常发生,而一旦发生便会带来大量回报。原因很简单,因为我相信稀有事件在市场上并没有得到合理的价值,而且事件越稀有,它的价值被人低估得越严重。因为心理偏差的关系,周围的人太专注于噪音,以致没有办法正确的思考随机事件的特质。金融市场中,有一类交易员是靠反向稀有事件为生的。对他们来说,波动往往是好消息。这些交易员经常赔钱,只是金额不大。他们很少赚钱,不过一赚就是一大笔。利用回报的不对称性,万一投中稀有事件会获利丰厚,弥补了其他损失,类似天使投资。
五、幸存者偏差
起于我们只看见赢家,因而对运气持有错误看法。分析不同凡响的成功,我们总是忽略其中最关键的原因是运气。
六、线性力量在一个物体上产生了非线性的效果
其实就是量变到质变。如一根稻草压垮了一头骆驼。一些事物累积到一定的量之后会产生质变,而不再是此前的线性变化。
七、摆脱路径依赖
索罗斯这类股市大鳄完全不受过去的行为约束,每一天对他来说都是一张白纸。千万不能依赖过去来推演未来,股市每一个事件都是独立事件,过去的理论不能约束到今天新事物的判断,因为每次都不一样。
//黑天鹅
八、在发现澳大利亚的黑天鹅之前,欧洲人认为天鹅都是白色的,“黑天鹅”曾经是他们言谈与写作中的惯用语,用来指不可能存在的事物。我们总是为已经发生的事情担忧,喜欢已知的模式和有条理的知识。因为历史往往把黑天鹅现象隐藏起来,沉默的证据造成的我们认知扭曲。
九、我们的世界是由极端、未知和非常不可能发生的事物所主导的,而我们却一直把时间花在讨论琐碎的事情上,只关注已知和重复发生的事情。这意味着,我们可以把极端事件当做起点,而不是把它当做意外事件置之不理。
十、即使你认同某项预测,也必须考虑现实中事态严重偏离这一预测的可能性。人们常说智者能够预测未来,或许真正的智者是那些知道自己不能预测未来的人
十一、运用杠铃策略
比如,把85~90%的钱投入极为安全的投资渠道,可能是国债和房产,总之是你能找到最安全的投资渠道。余下的10~15%应当投到极具投机性的赌博中,你应当使用尽可能多的财务杠杆,可能是期权和垃圾债卷,做出类似风险资本的投资组合安排。这确实是非常好的投资策略。
十二、不要浪费太多时间与预测者、证券分析师、经济学家和社会学家争论,以免思想被同化。也不用担心广为人知和骇人听闻的风险,反而要担心更为险恶的隐藏风险。
//反脆弱
十三、尼采说,“杀不死我的,只会让我更坚强。”
人体骨骼在负重和压力下反而会越发强壮,谣言和暴动在遏制和镇压下反而愈演愈烈,我们生活中的许许多多事物也会从压力、混乱、波动和动荡中受益。从随机事件中获得的有利结果大于不利结果的事物就是反脆弱的,反之则是脆弱的。
十四、拖延是我们的自然防御本能,是让事物顺其自然地发展并发挥其反脆弱的本能。你现在知道,为什么绝大部分投资人给创业团队的钱总是慢半拍到账了吧。
十五、脆弱性意味着失去的比得到的更多,意味着不利因素比有利因素更多,即等于(不利的)非对称性。反脆弱性意味着得到的比失去的更多,意味着有利因素比不利因素更多,即等于(有利的)非对称性。
十六、选择权=非对称性+理性
不要询问任何人的意见、预测和建议,只要问他们的投资组合中有什么或者没有什么就行。相信自己并不拥有完整的信息,而且行为也要符合这一点,要更成熟,你必须接受你并非无所不知的事实。
十七、如果你做某事的理由超过一个,那就不要做。这并不意味着一个原因比两个原因更好,只是说,如果你通过努力想出一个以上的原因,你实际上正在试图说服自己做一些事情。必须做的决定是不需要一个以上的原因。
//非对称风险
十八、我们在人与人的交往中建立对称关系,以防止有人转嫁隐藏的“尾部风险”,所谓基于“对称性”原则的,但实际上,非对称风险也一直存在于人类发展历史中。人们在面对非对称风险和外部压力时,只有践行“风险共担”的原则,才能做出正确决策,应对不确定性。
十九、比如,在今天普遍实行的低库存、高外包的运营模式下,生产效率大大提高。但是和过去相比,一个随机产生的错误给系统造成的损失会更大,而且系统一旦发生故障,恢复系统所需要的时间也相对更长,我们在变得更有效的同时也变得更脆弱了。因为整个产业链里的任何一个失误,都可能造成系统性灾难。
二十、一个人参与风险共担的程度越高,他的话就越可信。这就是为什么投资合伙人要彼此出资的原因。而那些在项目上不作任何具体贡献,也不承担任何风险的人,他们的话最不可信。
二十一、林迪效应
可以这样理解,一些不会自然消亡的东西,比如一种技术或者一个想法,其预期寿命和它们目前已经存在时间成正比。即它每多生存一段时间,它的剩余预期寿命就会增加一点。
实际上,在任何交易活动中,你都不必去挖掘隐藏的细节信息,真正有用的信息只会通过林迪效应在生存时间的不断延长中显露出来。从另一个方面讲:那些表述得很清晰、很准确、连傻子都能理解的信息,恰恰就是傻子们的陷阱。
长推:重读塔勒布四部曲,梳理适用于投资者的二十二条「加密箴言」
MarsBitPublished on 2023-10-31Last updated on 2023-10-31
Abstract
实际上,在任何交易活动中,你都不必去挖掘隐藏的细节信息,真正有用的信息只会通过林迪效应在生存时间的不断延长中显露出来。
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