你的 NFT 真的稀缺吗?盘点影响 crypto 稀缺性的三大因素

DeFi之道Published on 2022-04-22Last updated on 2022-04-22

Abstract

合约漏洞、发行方(有意或无意)增发、分叉等因素会影响 NFT 的稀缺性。

当你购买了一个 NFT,比如当下非常流行的 BAYC (无聊猿) 和 Moonbirds (月鸟),你实际上已经默认这些数字资产的数量已被限定在一个数值的范围内(比如 10000),它们无法被伪造出来。
那这种人为创造出来的稀缺性,是 100% 可靠的吗?

稀缺性

我们知道,NFT 的稀缺性是通过区块链和智能合约技术来实现的,那么本质上,它的稀缺性假设就会依赖于底层区块链和智能合约的安全性,除此之外,NFT 的稀缺性,还会受到发行方的影响。
因此,在本文当中,我们尝试对这些影响稀缺性的因素进行一个简单的讨论。
影响因素 1 : 智能合约的安全性
通过智能合约部署的 NFT,理论上也可能存在类似 token 的超发漏洞(注:历史上,即便是比特币也出现过超发漏洞),而现实当中也已经出现了超发的 NFT 例子,在「We are What We Eat」这个 NFT 例子当中,项目方在第一阶段提供的 250 个 NFT,最终因为合约漏洞遭遇超额铸造,这导致 Opensea 二级市场上显示出来的 NFT 数量变成了 450 个。

稀缺性

(图:遭遇超发攻击的 NFT)
不同于 ERC-20 同质化代币的是,NFT 超发出来的部分还是较容易识别的,然而在「We are What We Eat」这个 NFT 例子当中,仍有一些买家没有注意到其中的区别而遭遇了损失。
截至目前,NFT 超发攻击的例子还是非常有限的,但合约的安全性依旧值得我们关注。
影响因素 2: 发行方的承诺
由于知识产权法或版权法的原因,当我们购买一个 NFT 时,我们并不一定享有原始作品的所有权,实际上,大部分 NFT 发行方仍会保留原始作品的版权,而我们所购买的,只能被视为由创作者签名的独特作品的印刷品。
也就是说,理论上,只要发行方愿意,他们可以在不同的平台(甚至是相同的平台)上重复发行相同的 NFT 作品,当然,这种行为在破坏 NFT 稀缺性,并造成 NFT 持有者经济损失的同时,也会给发行方本身带来不可挽回的名誉损失。
截至目前,此类重复发行的行为,只发生在一些小型的 NFT 实验上,尚未在经济价值大的 NFT 项目上出现过。
尽管如此,目前 NFT 的稀缺性在很大程度上会依赖于发行方的承诺。
除此之外,发行方还可以通过发行 NFT 衍生品的方式来变相稀释稀缺性,而采用不同的发行方式,也会对 NFT 持有者产生截然不同的影响。
例如,如果发行方是对原 NFT 持有者空投新的 NFT 衍生品,那么空投赋能所带来的正面影响,要大于稀释稀缺性带来的负面影响。

稀缺性

(图:Bored Ape Yacht Club 和 Mutant Ape Yacht Club)
在这一点上,Yuga Labs 的做法是值得借鉴的,尽管他们在不断发行新的 NFT,例如 Mutant Ape Yacht Club、Bored Ape Kennel Club 等,但都是在对原 NFT 持有者赋能的情况下实施的。
但如果发行方仅仅是为了出售 NFT 获利,那么 NFT 稀缺性的稀释,将对原 NFT 持有者造成非常不利的影响。
影响因素 3:底层区块链的安全性
关于影响 NFT 稀缺性的因素,笔者想到的最后一点是底层区块链的安全性,这是因为区块链会涉及到分叉(fork)、数据库丢失或损坏等问题。
当然,这里提到的分叉(fork)是指最为严重的链分裂,即产生共识问题的硬分叉(hard fork),在这种情况下,会产生两个共享历史数据的分叉链(注:历史上,比特币网络因为硬分叉分裂出了 BTC 和 BCH,而以太坊则因为硬分叉分裂出了 ETH 以及 ETC)。
而当底层区块链发生分叉时,NFT 持有者就会有 2 个看上去相同的 NFT,那么此时,他们就会面临一个非常棘手的问题:到底哪一个版本的 NFT 才是真的、有价值的?

稀缺性

尽管目前还没有遇到这样的例子,但如果我们参考 ETH 和 ETC,那么最终底层链的灵魂人物(例如 Vitalik 等人)将引导社区转向其中的某条链,从而影响对应的 NFT 等数字资产的价值。
接下来的问题是,为什么同样的持有者,以及看上去相同的 NFT,会导致截然不同的价值?
很显然,差别就在于底层区块链的安全性,一个拥有好的开发团队以及社区支持的区块链,会获得更多的算力与财力的支持。
而与区块链安全性相关的,一是采用的共识算法机制(比如 PoW、PoS、DPoS 以及 PoA 等),二是项目的经济体量(比如 PoW 链的算力以及 PoS 链的 token 市值等),从这一点来看,同样的 NFT,发行在 PoW 共识机制的以太坊链上,其价值要大于发行在采用 DPoS 以及 PoA 共识机制的侧链上。换句话说,以太坊公链的稀缺性要大于其他公链,而 NFT 也会继承底层区块链的稀缺性。
这也解释了,高价值的 NFT 往往都会选择发行在以太坊区块链上的原因。
而发行在私有链或联盟链上的 NFT,它们的稀缺性保证是最糟糕的,因为这些数据库非常容易被篡改,也容易遇到数据库损坏等安全性问题。
总结
我们所购买的 NFT ,它们实际的稀缺性与发行方所描述的程度是存在差距的,这可能会因为合约漏洞、发行方(有意或无意)增发、分叉等因素而改变稀缺性,也因此,鉴别影响稀缺性的因素,可能有助于 NFT 等区块链数字资产的投资。那你认为还有哪些因素会影响 NFT 的稀缺性呢?

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