Messari 图解模块化区块链:生态系统和功能层

web3caffPublished on 2023-09-07Last updated on 2023-09-07

Abstract

任何 Rollup 或应用程序的成功都将取决于它们选定配置所带来的竞争优势。


任何 Rollup 或应用程序的成功都将取决于它们选定配置所带来的竞争优势。
原文:Here’s everything you need to know about modular blockchains
作者:Stephanie Dunbar,Messari 分析师
编译:Luffy,Foresight News

为了应对传统整体架构的限制,包括创新速度慢、可扩展性限制以及应用程序层缺乏开发灵活性,模块化区块链应运而出,它将区块链分割成不同的、可互换的组件。

拆分组件可以实现在区块链技术堆栈的每一层进行定制优化,每个功能组件领域内都会出现专业的提供商。
当前最突出的模块化系统包括以太坊生态和即将推出的 Celestia。
Rollup 是模块化区块链最安全的形式。
Rollup 繁荣发展,范围从通用执行环境(例如, OP Mainnet 和 zkSync Era)到托管单个应用程序的特定 Rollup。

大多数以以太坊为中心的 Rollup 都是通用 L2,而 Celestia 生态系统中的一个重要叙事是应用程序专用性。
Rollup 可以堆叠起来,以根据需求进行扩展并定制特定于应用程序的用例,同时成为可组合的 Rollup 桥接生态系统的一部分。

开发者可以加入自己认同的生态系统,也可以选择最适合自己需求的执行环境、排序方案、验证系统、共识和 DA 层,甚至可以在不同生态系统之间混合搭配。
任何 Rollup 生态系统或应用程序的成功将取决于它们选定配置所带来的竞争优势。
执行层
这一层是处理新交易的地方。它获取区块链的当前状态,应用这些新的交易,并计算结果状态。控制状态改变规则的函数称为状态转换函数(STF)。

在执行层构建的大多数项目都是以以太坊为中心的通用 Rollup,例如 Scroll、Taiko 和 Linea。
他们的目标是保持与 EVM 的兼容性,为用户提供熟悉的加密体验,并为开发人员提供可重复使用的工具。
alt-VM(替代性虚拟机)针对特定用例进行优化,例如用于并行交易处理的 Fuel Network 和用于隐私应用程序的 Aztec Network。
Arbitrum 和 Fluent 将使用 Wasm 的传统编程语言引入智能合约,Cartesi 则允许 Rollup 在 Linux 上运行。
结算层
结算层是模块化堆栈的可选层。共享结算层用于各种 Rollup 的验证和争议解决,并且可以作为流动性中心帮助弥合不同 Rollup 之间的差距。

排序
交易由用户提交到网络,排序器则接受这些交易、确定其顺序(在大多数情况下)并将交易数据发布到共识层和 DA 层的组件。

目前所有主要的 Rollup 都使用中心化排序器。 排序器去中心化将增强活跃度和抗审查性。 Espresso 和 Astria 等多个 Rollup 之间的共享排序器网络提供了接近原子性的可组合性优势。

验证层
这一层确保执行和状态转换的正确性。目前有 2 个主要系统正在开发中:

  • Optimistic:欺诈证明可防范欺诈活动
  • ZK:有效性证明以加密方式确认所有交易的正确性

Arbitrum 和 Optimism 是 optimistic rollup 中的领先者,它们通过 @RiscZero 和 @nil_foundation 外包证明来证明市场的有效性。与共享排序一样,外包证明可以带来互操作性优势,例如跨链桥的聚合证明。

共识和 DA(数据可用性)
在共识层,节点就交易的最终顺序达成一致,提供 Rollup 历史的统一视图。
DA 层进一步保证所有必要的数据可用于重建 Rollup 状态。DA 层充当不可变的公告板,其中发布交易数据和证明。如果没有 DA,Rollup 就无法保证活跃性。利用 DA 层提供的交易数据,任何人都可以从上一个人停止的地方继续计算下一个区块。

DA 层也是 Rollup 吞吐量的最终决定因素。
以太坊正在开发专门的费用市场和用于 Rollup 的「blob」空间,Celestia 和 Avail 等项目专注于具有专门 DA 层的轻量级表现。

像 EigenDA 这样将共识和 DA 分开的 DAC 可以提供低廉、可预测的费用以及预留 DA 带宽的能力。
虽然这些功能可以分开,但只有共同运行才能提供区块链网络的完整安全保障。
共识和 DA 层采用最关键的地方是它们带来的信任最小化可组合性优势
更改共识和 DA 层的成本将会很高,因为 Rollup 将失去与之前共享的其他 Rollup 的可组合性性。
免责声明:作为区块链信息平台,本站所发布文章仅代表作者及嘉宾个人观点,与 Web3Caff 立场无关。本文内容仅用于信息分享,均不构成任何投资建议及要约,并请您遵守所在国家或地区的相关法律法规。

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