《关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》意味着什么?

肖飒lawyerPublished on 2022-04-14Last updated on 2022-04-14

Abstract

2022年4月13日中国互联网金融协会、中国银行业协会、中国证券业协会发布《关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》。

2022年4月13日中国互联网金融协会、中国银行业协会、中国证券业协会发布《关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》(以下简称倡议),一时间大厂和从业者、购买者纷纷来电留言询问,针对大家普遍关心的问题,飒姐分享观点如下:

NFT=or≠数字藏品

本次倡议中使用了NFT的字样进行描述,一经发出,有些从业者留言:我们不是NFT,我们是数字藏品、数字艺术品。

这种掩耳盗铃的做法无益于事情的解决。NFT对文创行业的促进作用,社会各方有目共睹,艺术品数字化和艺术创作数字化既是大势所趋,也是文化自信的表现。但是,NFT在售卖过程中,出现了金融化的倾向,尤其是二级市场的开放,进一步刺激了消费者的炒作心理。请注意,本次提出倡议的是金融口的自律组织而非文化类组织,这就说明数字藏品金融化的问题已经凸显出来并被监管部门关注到了。

底层商品/数字作品与金融资产脱钩,不可变相发行、交易金融产品

讲真,本周有从业人员询问是否可以将房地产与NFT相结合,发行类金融产品,被飒姐拒绝了。如果从广义解释,“不在NFT底层商品中包含证券、保险、信贷、贵金属等金融资产,变相发行交易金融产品。”这里的“等”应当“同质解释”,与证券、保险、信贷、贵金属的性质相同、外溢性类似,飒姐认为房地产应当被解释进来,奉劝有类似想法的朋友,不要以身试法。

那么,已经将金融资产与NFT挂钩并销售的法律后果是什么?举重以明轻,最大的红线是《刑法》第174条擅自设立金融机构罪、第179条擅自发行股票、公司、企业债券罪。

二级市场还能不能开?

毋庸置疑,开设二级市场对于NFT的价格发现(中性词)有帮助。即开设二级市场自身并无重大法律问题,关键是这项业务属于持牌业务,并不是寄售平台、发行平台自己或SPV公司就能做的。

从飒姐办理案件的实践经验看,37号文、38号文还是二级市场的法律底线。在各省保留的各类交易所中,基本上没有发现可完全阻挡《刑法》第225条非法经营罪的牌照。不要失落,交易所可在文件允许范围内尝试部分NFT数藏的挂牌。

从长期看,市场有需求就要有制度供给,北上深都有自己的持牌交易所或者sandbox在限定范围内,也许可以给予金融消费者另一个标的选择。未可知,需要时间。

增设反洗钱义务

国内NFT发行、交易平台总体而言合规性较高,很少发现非国际版收受比特币、以太币和USDT或平台币的情况。但,某些平台有国际版,普遍存在收取虚拟币的现象,中国人在境外从事在我国违法在海外合法的业务,管辖权最终还是会落在国内,请勿聪明反被聪明误。

在实名认证方面,多数平台还是能够做到的,但普遍反洗钱意识不足。其实,无论是国标还是国际标准,对于“交易对手方”划入合规体系都是有要求的。我们建议平台采购反洗钱服务,最严格的是金融行业反洗钱系统,可参考执行。

同时,我们发现NFT平台存在大量未成年人买家,根据《民法典》第十九条和相关政策,根据行为习惯画像,重新设计算法,将不符合未成年人认识水平的购买行为提前预判和处理,防止青少年沉迷其中,造成家庭沉重财务负担。

不为投资NFT提供融资支持,不包括支付

有支付公司很担心自己是否会被倡议书规制,从现有条款看,“不为投资NFT提供融资支持”,这里的融资是指“加杠杆”而非支付渠道。

然而,根据近期帮信罪实务和“科技中立”想法的破除,支付渠道对于自己的商户要有所了解,不得以不知道客户资金来源为由抗辩。做好KYC是支付公司的基本义务,对于新业务尤其是与虚拟资产相关的业务应当更为谨慎。

一个作品发众多NFT,属于变相ICO吗?

本次倡议最值得关注的是其中明确规定“不通过分割所有权或者批量创设等方式削弱NFT非同质化特征,变相开展代币发行融资(ICO)”。这似乎意味着大规模发行NFT的行为均存在较高的法律风险。但实际上本条倡议的重点在于“变相开展代币发行融资”。换言之,政策所抵制的是变相开展代币发行融资的行为,而“通过分割所有权或者批量创设等方式削弱NFT非同质化特征”的表述仅仅是对代币发行融资(ICO)的典型模式进行举例,换言之,利用NFT进行代币发行融资(ICO)的典型行为就是通过分割所有权或者批量创设等方式削弱NFT非同质化特征,但不能说有符合这类模式的行为就是代币发行融资的行为。

那如何理解代币发行融资(ICO)呢?人民银行等七部门联合发布的《防范代币发行融资风险的公告》中明确指出代币发行融资本质上是一种非法公开融资行为。在融资行为中,融资的对象在提供资金的时候一定会有“投资并等待未来某个时点收益”的意思。因此,对倡议中的这一条款要进行“穿透式”实质理解,而不能在所有权、物权或债权上兜兜转转。

实际上,这也与监管部门以往对ICO的态度一脉相承,即在比特币盛行时期提示谨防比特币炒作风险,在虚拟货币盛行时期谨防虚拟货币相关金融风险。时至今日,元宇宙、NFT的概念又盛行一时,因而相关不法人员又借助元宇宙、NFT的形式变相开展ICO。这当然也为监管部门所抵制。

因此,本次倡议之所以提及分割所有权或者批量创设等方式,正是因为该等方式会在一定程度上削弱NFT的非同质化属性,从而可以被不法分子利用进行ICO。因此,只要相关企业合法合规运行NFT平台,不开展变相ICO的行为,便不存在此类法律风险。但需要注意的是,变相的解释权往往在监管部门,即便企业自认其行为不构成ICO,但也存在被误判的可能。故企业最好采取有关措施增强NFT的非同质化特征,以防相关法律风险产生。

同时,不能机械理解“变相”就是任何行为均可,而将正常销售行为和促销行为也当作变相发币,这种做法不可取。对于“变相”的理解,还得回到倡议本身的出台目的来看,就是堵住金融风险而非抑制文化行业数字化发展。

写在最后

《NFT相关金融风险的倡议》对于防止数字藏品金融化,发挥数字藏品行业本身的文化价值具有重要意义。要理解《倡议》的精髓,就必须要明白我们防范的是数字藏品的金融化,而非数字藏品本身。NFT的金融化现象在国外市场尤为兴盛,国外数字藏品多发行在公链上,且可以随意转让和再次销售。这就使得国外数字藏品金融化没有任何阻碍,数字藏品本身的文化艺术价值亦湮没在金融化的大潮之下,“对敲”等扰乱交易秩序的行为也屡见不鲜,这些乱象本身就蕴藏了发生系统性金融风险的可能。在《倡议》公布前,国内主流数字藏品平台均发布了行业自律书,做到数字藏品平台全流程实名,内容全链审查。

但仍有个别平台蠢蠢欲动,欲通过“发扬文化IP”之名行数字藏品“金融化”之实,这种做法无异于饮鸩止渴,切断行业发展道路。《倡议》的公布正是阻挡数字藏品市场金融化、助力行业健康发展的利器。《倡议》中的六项行为规范基本断绝了国内数字藏品金融化的可能。这对于发挥数字藏品本身的文化艺术价值是重大的利好消息。

同时现有的致力于发挥数字藏品文化艺术价值的平台亦无须过分紧张,只要相关企业合法合规运行数字藏品平台,不开展或变相开展ICO行为,便不存在相关的法律风险。数字藏品行业本身拥有巨大的发展前景,但不可否认数字藏品的特性使其具有被金融化的风险。《倡议》的发布正是“及时纠偏”的良药,有助于国内数字藏品市场走出一条健康、积极的文化产业道路。

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