关于香港 Web3 形势的若干观点

区块律动Published on 2023-04-17Last updated on 2023-04-17

Abstract

香港 Web3 新政背后的决策逻辑是什么?

上周发生香港的 Web3 嘉年华,我虽然没去,但是心向往之,也密切关注其中的新观点、新见解。学到不少,但有一点特别不满意,就是在公开的讨论中没有人去提及一个最为重要的问题:香港 Web3 新政背后的决策逻辑是什么?

香港的这个新政,没有北京的支持,或者至少是许可,是不可想象的。那么这就涉及到一系列的问题:港府为什么要做这样的决策?北京又为何默许?北京的态度是基于深思熟虑还是权宜之计?在未来国际政治、经济和科技的博弈中,香港和北京对 Web3 的态度是会加强、削弱还是摇摆不定?我们如果对这些问题没有一个思考和判断,现在香港的 Web3 发展就不可能进行到底,已经取得的成果还有可能得而复失。当然,这个问题往深了不好说,所以大多数人避而不谈,我也能理解。但是看到很多喊口号式的唱多,脱离了基本面,我相信很多也是言不由衷。

所以我把这个问题提到了推特上,出现了一个史无前例的情况,就是虽然在推上也收到了不少推友的回复,但是很多交流是通过私信和聊天工具发生的,而且还有很多人问我,其他跟你私聊的人表达了什么观点呢?这些交流使我越发觉得这个问题值得翻到台面上谈一下。大家有的顾虑,我也有,但是我认为还是有很多观点可以拿出来谈的。

当然,如果仅仅是就事论事地讨论,只见树木不见森林,必须结合当前的国际形势来分析。但是如果长篇大论,我也没有时间和精力。因此我取一个折中的方案来表达一下我的观点,就是用类似长推特的方式,把主要的观点和逻辑罗列出来,也不进行深入的分析和举证,也不对其中涉及的术语和观点进行解释和引用溯源,一是为了立此存证,二是为了抛砖引玉,三也是方便稍后我们内部的战略讨论。

首先要考虑的是时代背景。

1. 当前世界的总体形势是正在走入一个新冷战阶段,时间 10–30 年,最有可能是 20 年左右。

2. 这是一个烈度不高、存在灰度的冷战。这个新冷战的双方,美国和中国,对于回归合作固然已经不存幻想,但是都忌惮于激烈对抗的后果,从而希望对于对抗烈度进行管控,因此态度是不坚决的,随着时间变化会有很多摇摆和暧昧,出现很大的勾兑空间。

3. 这个新冷战主要的战场发生在科技创新和实体经济上。中国希望凭借实体经济优势向上延展,获得科技创新优势,实现从创新到制造的全供应链自主,而美国希望凭借科技创新优势向下回收制造业关键环节,促使实体经济回流本土,并且在全球重新配置供应链。

4. 美中两国各自存在风险点。美国的主要风险有两个。第一,美元和华尔街的地位受到历史性削弱引发的金融系统风险。在供应链回流的过程中,美国将经历长时间的通货膨胀,因此要被迫加息抵御通胀,而这个过程会导致大量美元回流美国,从而使得国际市场上美元供给不足,导致美元的全球地位遭到削弱,进而削弱华尔街金融集团的地位。

当然这个过程有助于美国实体经济重振,有利于国内就业的繁荣,以及军工复合体相对影响力的增强,但过程中间存在金融不稳定的风险。第二个风险是新技术革命导致的就业替代的风险,说得更深入一些,少数高技术族群一骑绝尘,大多数普通美国人望尘莫及,这种令人绝望的巨大差距必然导致深层的社会矛盾。中国存在三个风险。

第一个是在供应链外移、地产泡沫走到尽头的情况下,多年来举债发展模式无以为继,被迫降杠杆的过程对于经济、就业、民生构成威胁。如果通过印钞来化解风险,又可能出现恶性通胀。

第二个是由于外部封锁和制约,科技创新与对手越拉越大,导致全局性落后的风险。第三是战争风险。

5. 在一个双方都不够坚决、烈度有限、又各自有弱点和风险点的冷战中,双方势必小心翼翼,为彼此保留较大的沟通管道、协调机制、回旋余地和勾兑空间。这种空间越大,为周边经济体、尤其是竞争交界地带的经济体所提供的机遇就越大。


其次是关于当前的技术革命。

1. 美国正在发生新一轮科技革命。这一轮科技革命的核心技术包括:强人工智能、无人驾驶运载工具、机器人、新的人机交互技术(脑机接口等)、量子计算、新一代宇航技术、卫星互联网、生物及基因工程、新能源及新材料。区块链是一种制度型技术,也将在这一轮科技革命中扮演重要角色,但是由于区块链技术本身的开放度高、技术扩散门槛低,因此不是竞争的焦点。

2. 科技革命若转化为新产业革命,则能决定竞争胜负。美国当前的技术革命只是初现雏形,多个领域同时初现的技术突破是否能够发生相互的化学作用,激发一场新工业革命,还有待观察。但是如果新工业革命发生在美国,那么当前困扰美国的大多数经济和社会问题将会被一扫而空。中国尚未建立起原创科技创新的机制,就被提前拖入到这场竞争当中,因此比较被动。

3. 中国将尽全力跟踪科技革命。中国没有输掉科技竞争的选项,因为如果输掉科技竞争,那么之前取得的产业链优势也将荡然无存,只能在非常不利的情况下媾和。因此中国必然要尽一切可能在这场科技革命中保持不落后。美国对此也有清楚的认识,因此已经对中国实施了前沿技术的封锁,力图确保关键技术领域不流入中国、不被中国反超。

反过来,中国也必然倾尽全力,力图突破封锁,实现关键技术的超越,至少不能出现断代式的落后。其中除了集中国内的科研力量实施追踪和突破之外,在外部也会尽量通过跟美国和第三方的接触获得先进的技术。这一封锁与打破封锁的对抗,结合上一部分所说新冷战中的暧昧和勾兑,在中国以及中国周边某些地区,会出现大量的科技财富机遇。

然后是货币金融方面的一些看法。

1. 当前美元加息回流,在全球的地位确实正在下降。金砖国家提出去美元化,直接原因是美联储加息。

2. 中国在这个时间点上加速人民币国际化,确实能取得事半功倍的效果。但是目前通过货币互换推进人民币国际化的模式在可见的未来并不会给中国带来多少铸币税。具体来说,目前中国对全世界绝大多数国家贸易盈余,这也就是说,如果不使用美元而是进行货币互换的话,中国和贸易对手相互缴纳铸币税,但由于中国是贸易盈余国,所以轧差之后,中国向他国缴纳的铸币税一定超过他国向中国缴纳的铸币税。当然,这么做确实削弱了美元,但不是很多人想的那样可以取而代之。

3. 加速人民币国际化的另一个后果,就是中国美元储备下降,港币承压。中国美元储备下降,可能会通过人民币和港币的互换机制从香港抽取美元储备,进而对港币的联系汇率制构成实质性压力。这种压力在美元不断加息的背景下尤其沉重。

经过以上背景的准备,可以讨论正题了。

1. 区块链有四个作用。第一个是作为数字货币和数字资产的基础设施。第二是作为 Web3 的基础设施,创造所有权共享的下一代互联网。第三是在人类与人工智能和平共处的历史阶段,作为人类控制和约束人工智能的工具。第四是在人类、人工智能和机器人共同组成的超大规模分布式网络中进行治理权、能量、算力、数据等重要资源分配的基础设施。因此区块链也是下一代科技革命中的关键技术,是兵家必争之地。

2. 但区块链的竞争主要不是设备、技术、工艺、算法等器物层面上的竞争,而是如何应用区块链这种工具创设新结构、新机制的竞争,是制度创新之争,不是器物创新之争。

3. 数字资产市场难以在大国内发展,但会在大国竞争的交界地带找到温床。就数字货币和数字资产来说,不可否认,经过十年多的发展,在区块链上形成了一个自由的灰色金融市场,这个市场既有超级的创新活力,也是一个欺诈横行、群魔乱舞、价值观错乱的法外之地。在国际竞争的历史时期,竞争中的大国不会容许这样一个灰色金融市场在本国解构和扰乱金融秩序,因此都会倾向于对内严管。但是与此同时,在境外、尤其是竞争的前沿交界地区,存在一个规模有限、影响可控的灰色虚拟经济区域,有利于两个阵营进行一些交流、协调和勾兑,各取所需。

4. 中美竞争的交界地区,将出现活跃的区块链数字经济产业。因此新加坡、香港的 Web3 双城记还将持续上演。两者的共同点是作为法治发达的地区,都不会容忍在本地发展出一个欺诈产业,因此对于 Web3 都会予以规范。某些人期望的滥发 ICO 割韭菜的时代,不会再来。但在「可以做什么」的方面,两城的思路应该会有很大不同。

5. 香港 Web3 以交易为导向。由于在中美竞争当中,中国寄希望香港承担与外界进行贸易、金融、货币和技术交换的角色,而美国也会在一定范围内容忍甚至鼓励香港担任这个角色,因此香港的 Web3 市场会更加交易导向,对于灰色数字金融市场的存在和发展的容忍度会高一些,这表现为对成熟的主流数字资产,如比特币、以太币、USDT 等资产的兑换服务更加自由,对成熟数字资产的托管、抵押、交易等也会比较友好,但是对于 ICO 等融资集资行为仍会非常谨慎乃至严格。

6.香港 Web3 仍在试点期,有反复可能。香港刚刚经历了传统金融中心角色的严重削弱,甚至港币对美元的联系汇率制承压,也希望通过 Web3 发展在全球金融市场中抢回更多份额,获得新的特色。但由于 Web3 太新,在全球其他地区也没有成功经验,相关主管官员未必能明确在港发展 Web3 产业的目标、战略、措施以及风险备案。

因此,Web3 在香港的发展,无论是在北京还是在港府眼中,应该都还属于试点。如果经过一个时期不能够帮助香港达成预期的目标,甚至由于监管不善,出现一些风险和破坏性金融事件,也有可能会逆转决策层的看法,导致政策出现反复。也因此,港府在监管方面并不会放松,力保画好红线,守好底线。

7. 新加坡 Web3 策略更稳健。相比之下,由于美国供应链重构过程中,东盟国家仍然是一个重点,因此新加坡作为东盟内的主权国家,其全球物流中心的地位并未遭到削弱,反而得到增强。而在传统金融领域,其区域金融中心的地位已经在前两年获得增强。因此在赢家心态之下,新加坡更希望在中美竞争的大格局下更进一步,希望成为全球物流与数字金融的双重中心,因此会有更强的实体经济导向,更强的 TradFi 结合导向,行事越加稳健。

8. 新加坡对灰色数字金融容忍度更低。赢家心态的另一面是担心出事。由于去年 Luna、3AC 及 FTX 崩溃,已经使得新加坡认识到不规范的 crypto 金融机构的潜在高风险和破坏性,为此会更希望引导 Web3 的发展正规化、建设性,对灰色数字金融市场的容忍度会低一些,表现为对相关业务设置较高的准入门槛和较强的事实监管力度。

9. 两地都不太容易做出世界级的 Web3 社交、游戏等 2C 类项目。港新两地人口有限,Web3 产业都是依托国际金融中心地位发展,因此都会突出金融特色。以大量用户取胜的 Web3 社交、游戏类项目,不是两地的比较优势所在。

10. 两地都会积极支持 RWA 发展。近期 BIS、花旗银行等机构反复强调真实世界资产通证化(RWA tokenization)的潜力,相信这一方向会得到港、新两地的高度重视。香港背靠内地,具有巨量的 RWA 资源,可以充当很好的金融桥梁。新加坡有扼守全球最重要供应链的区位优势,可以基于跨国供应链进行贸易金融 RWA 的拓展。

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