美联储会议纪要:有必要继续加息;少数官员倾向50个基点

比推Published on 2023-02-23Last updated on 2023-02-23

Abstract

纽约时间周三下午,美联储发布了 1 月 31 日至 2 月 1 日的会议纪要,几乎所有美联储官员都支持加息25个基点。

纽约时间周三下午,美联储发布了 1 月 31 日至 2 月 1 日的会议纪要,几乎所有美联储官员都支持加息25个基点,“少数”成员表示希望加息 50 个基点,会议纪要写道:“赞成加息 50 个基点的与会者指出,考虑到他们对及时实现价格稳定存在风险,加息幅度越大,利率目标区间就会越快地接近他们认为能够实现充分限制性立场的水平”。

会议纪要公布后,债券收益率上升,对美联储政策预期最敏感的 2 年期美国国债收益率上涨至约 4.69%。美元兑一篮子货币也上涨,但美股涨幅回落。比推终端数据显示,截至美东时间 3:00 PM,比特币的交易价格为 23,853 美元,24小时跌幅 3%。以太坊交易价格约为 1,600 美元,下跌 3.7%。

继续加息是必要的

这次讨论表明,美央行在 3 月 21 日至 22 日的下一次会议上可能会加息 25 个基点。 但纪要指出,放缓步伐伴随着对通胀仍居高不下的高度担忧。

摘要重申,成员们认为“持续”加息是必要的,有迹象表明通胀正在下降,但不足以抵消进一步加息的必要性,通胀“仍远高于”美联储 2% 的目标,劳动力市场“仍然非常紧张,导致工资和价格持续面临上行压力。”

与会者观察到,他们对经济活动、劳动力市场和通胀前景相关的不确定性很高,提到的风险因素包括乌克兰战争、中国经济重新开放以及劳动力市场紧张的时间可能比预期更长。

会议纪要表示:“过去三个月统计的通胀数据显示月度价格上涨速度有所放缓,但强调需要更多证据表明在更广泛的价格范围内取得进展,才能确信通胀处于持续的下行路径”。

衰退风险

会议纪要显示,美联储正朝着当前加息的可能终点前进,同时也对在通胀不放缓的情况下最终将利率升至多高持开放态度。

会议上的“一些”政策制定者指出,随着美联储继续努力抑制已在 2022 年飙升至 40 年来高位的通胀率,今年美国经济衰退的风险仍然“升高”。

美央行已在八次会议上将政策利率从去年 3 月接近零的起点上调至目前的 4.50%-4.75% 区间。比推此前报道,2 月 1 日发布的政策声明称,美联储仍需要“持续加息”,将重点从“要不要加息”转移到“加多少”,自上次会议以来的数据显示,美国经济和就业数据继续以出人意料的速度增长。

1 月份的经济数据显示,通胀增速低于 2022 年夏季的峰值,但放缓的速度在减慢。居民消费价格指数比 12 月上涨 0.5%,比去年同期上涨 6.4%。衡量批发层面投入成本的生产者价格指数月率上涨 0.7%,年率上涨 6%。两项数据均高于华尔街预期。

劳动力市场也很火爆,表明美联储加息虽然打击了房地产市场和其他一些对利率敏感的领域,但尚未渗透到大部分经济领域。

美联储和市场的复杂之处在于许多决策都是基于过去的数据,长期以来投资者注意到货币政策的调整具有“滞后效应”,担心过度加息会拖垮美国经济。但会议纪要表明,与经济放缓或陷入衰退相比,美联储更担心通胀持续高企的风险。美联储官员指出,重要的是“整体金融状况要与委员会实施的政策约束程度保持一致,以使通胀率回到 2% 的目标”。

CME FedWatch 数据显示,市场目前预计美央行将在 3 月、5 月和 6 月的会议上加息 25 个基点,投资者将利率峰值的预期提高至 5.36% 左右。

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