SEC剑指BUSD,为何稳定币也被认定为证券?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2023-02-13Last updated on 2023-02-13

Abstract

证券的金标准「豪威测试」,这次为何不适用了?

今日早间,据知情人士透露,稳定币发行商 Paxos 因 BUSD 相关问题将面临美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的诉讼。美 SEC 执法人员已向 Paxos 发布「韦尔斯通知」(Wells notice),告知可能的执法行动。SEC 表示 Paxos 发行和上市的 BUSD 是一种未注册的证券,计划起诉 Paxos 违反投资者保护法,并可能采取强制行动。

「韦尔斯通知」是美国 SEC 对在美上市公司进行民事诉讼前发出的非正式提醒,接到通知的上市公司可以在收到正式诉讼前跟 SEC 进行沟通和协商。美国 SEC 互联网执法办公室前主任 John Reed Stark 发推称,「在我在 SEC 执法部门的 18 年中,我不记得有任何一次我发出韦尔斯通知而没有采取执法行动。SEC 的加密行动持续进行。」

Paxos 发言人拒绝置评,SEC 没有回复置评请求。币安在声明中称,「BUSD 由 Paxos 发行和拥有,它只授权其品牌。我们将继续监测相关情况。」

据此前报道,纽约州金融服务部(NYDFS)正在调查 Pax Dollar(USDP)和 Binance USD(BUSD)稳定币发行商 Paxos,具体调查范围尚不清楚。NYDFS 发言人表示,该机构无法对正在进行的调查发表评论。

与持续数年之久的 SEC 诉瑞波一案有所不同,本次被传将认定为证券的Token与 XRP 不同,其价格并不会产生大量波动,而是锚定美元的 BUSD。

这也让市场产生了疑惑,为何稳定币也可被认定为证券?

SEC 尚未对 Paxos 做出正式行动,也并未披露任何文件,Odaily 星球日报仅结合现有信息,对此做出信息整合与合理猜测。

监管眼中的加密货币 VS. 证券

提到「证券(Securities)」,自然要从概念开始明晰。《 1933 年证券法》(Securities Act of 1933 )是美国第一个规范了证券发行和销售的联邦法律。它最初由联邦贸易委员会执行,而后 SEC 成立,这一法案也成为 SEC 对主要执法依据。法案规定,除部分被豁免的情况外,任何证券必须向 SEC 注册。

而在这一法律中,也明确了证券的概念,证券法第二条第一款规定:

「证券」一词系指任何票据、股票、库存股票、债券、公司信用债券、债务凭证、盈利分享协议下的权益证书或参与证书、以证券作抵押的信用证书,组建前证书或认购书、可转让股票、投资合同、股权信托证,证券存款单、石油、煤气或其它矿产小额利息滚存权、或一般来说,被普遍认为是「证券」的任何权益和票据,或上述任一种证券的权益或参与证书、暂时或临时证书、收据、担保证书、或认股证书或订购权或购买权。

很明显,使用了新兴加密技术的加密货币难以被明确的归入上述多种产品的其中之一。

但诸多的 SEC 诉加密企业司法纠纷依然出现。

因为,在证券的内涵中包括「投资合同(investment contract)」这一较为灵活的类型,很多并未明确指出的金融产品均可与这一概念产生关联。而具体是否可通过这一条款被定义为证券,则可以著名的「豪威测试(Howey test)」作为准则,在已经存在的诸多司法实践中,SEC 均采用了豪威测试作为鉴定证券法中投资合同的标准。

豪威测试:SEC 拳打加密的主要武器

在上世纪的佛罗里达,William Howey 成立了 W. J. Howey 公司和 Howey-in-the-Hills Service 公司,并通过这两家公司开发一款新颖的产品。W. J. Howey 公司在佛罗里达购买了一片柑桔园,并将柑桔园的土地分割成小块,以此出售给投资者。他承诺,投资者可以将土地出租给 Howey-in-the-Hills Service,并由这一公司运营、照料柑桔园,投资者无需从事任何农业生产即可获取柑桔园的收益。

SEC 认为这一投资合同属于证券,而 Howey 并未将这款特殊的土地产品向 SEC 提交任何注册声明,已违反证券法。

1946 年,SEC 起诉 W. J. Howey 公司。最终,在漫长的司法流程下,美国最高法院裁定,土地销售和服务合同的符合证券法规定的「投资合同」,即这些合同可被认定为证券。这是确定联邦证券法普遍适用性的一个重要案例。

而该案导致了也衍生出了豪威测试这一概念,以此来确定某些投资产品是否应被认定为证券。SEC 认为,「投资合同」是指将资金投资于一家普通企业,并合理预期从他人的努力中获得利润。

具体而言,豪伊测试包含四项要素:

1、投入资金;

2、在一个共同的事业;

3、对利润的合理预期;

4、来自于他人的努力。

且豪威测试适用于任何合同、计划或交易,无论它是否具有证券的典型特征。

正是基于这一点,大量加密货币均涉及证券中「投资合同」这一类别,且和 SEC 发生了漫长的司法纠纷。在漫长的 SEC 诉瑞波一案中,SEC 依据这一原则而将 XRP 定义为证券。

2022 年 7 月,SEC 将 AMP、RLY、DDX、XYO、RGT、LCX、POWR、DFX、KROM 认定为证券。(注:PANews 2022 年 7 月据 The Block 报道,美 SEC 将「Coinbase 内幕交易」事件中、即上述 9 种加密货币列为证券。)

2022 年 11 月,美国新罕布什尔州联邦法院作出判卷,依据豪威测试将 LBRY 认定为证券,在 SEC 诉 LBRY 一案中作出了有利于 SEC 的裁定(Odaily 星球日报注:LBRY,一家加密初创公司,曾出售「LBRY Credits」筹集 1100 万美元,未进行过 ICO,于 2021 年 3 月被 SEC 指控其行为是未经注册的经纪交易商行为。)

稳定币如何成为证券?

然而,与 XRP 等此前被 SEC 盯上的加密货币有所不同,BUSD 为价格锚定美元的稳定币,投资者购买这一「产品」时并没有收益预期。该产品几乎无法通过豪威测试的任何一条,它又是如何被定义为证券的?

目前,SEC 尚未对 Paxos 做出正式行动,也并未披露任何文件,Odaily 星球日报的猜测为:

需要明确的是,豪威测试仅是判断证券法中「投资合同」这一种类别的标准,而除此之外,诸如债券、票据、抵押信托证明等我们更为熟悉的金融证券均被包含在其中。

回到 BUSD,Paxos 2023 年 1 月披露的储备报告显示,BUSD 储备包括两种产品类别:美国国债、美国国债逆回购协议(隔夜到期和超额抵押)。

这一持仓结构让其更像货币市场基金,也就是说,BUSD 的用户在间接持有债券(即证券的其中一种类别)。我们可做出推测,这或许是 SEC 将 BUSD 认定为证券的原因。

只不过,持有 BUSD 的用户,虽然买入了类货币市场基金的产品(BUSD),却并未从中获利。

SEC 制裁大棒蓄势待发,但其影响尚未反馈在市场上(BUSD 未脱锚、BNB 在今日整体下行的市场中表现坚固)。

Nansen 数据显示,目前 BUSD 总市值 160 亿美元,排名稳定币第三。大约 90% (144 亿美元)的 BUSD 由币安地址持有。其中过去 7 天内币安净流出超 8140 万枚 BUSD。此外,Jump Trading 某地址在过去 7 天内从交易平台净提取 5780 万枚 BUSD,该地址仍持有 1880 万枚 BUSD。

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