美联储如期加息 25 个基点,最新声明释放了什么信号?

比推Published on 2023-02-02Last updated on 2023-02-02

Abstract

美东时间周三下午,美联储宣布将基准利率上调 25 个基点,此举符合市场预期,此次加息使美联储的目标区间达到 4.5%-4.75%,为 2007 年 10 月以来的最高水平。

美东时间周三下午,美联储宣布将基准利率上调 25 个基点,此举符合市场预期,此次加息使美联储的目标区间达到 4.5%-4.75%,为 2007 年 10 月以来的最高水平。


美联储官员在周三的声明中承认「通胀有所缓解」,不再特别强调俄乌战争对通胀造成的上行压力,这大大鼓舞了投资者对政策转向的预期。金融市场反应迅速,比推终端数据显示,纳斯达克综合指数上涨 2%,收于 11,816.32 点,标准普尔 500 指数上涨 1.05%,收于 4,119.21 点,比特币在消息公布后上涨至 23,691 美元,截至发稿时,24 小时涨幅 3.31%。第二大加密货币以太坊涨幅相似,交易价格为 1,630 美元。

通胀仍处于高位

然而,美央行并没有真正暗示暂停加息,会议声明写道:「目标区间的持续增加将是适当的」,他们将根据加息迄今的影响、政策产生影响的滞后时间以及金融状况和经济的发展等因素来确定未来加息幅度。在会后新闻发布会上,鲍威尔也以鹰派姿态开场,提醒人们注意通胀的破坏性,并承诺美联储致力于将通胀率降至 2% 的目标。

自 6 月以来,美国消费者价格指数 (CPI) 每月都在下降,目前年增长率为 6.5%,低于 11 月份的 7.1%,个人消费支出价格指数 (PCE) 也从同期的 6.8% 降至每年 5%。然而,美联储表示并不是所有指标都看到了下降趋势。

鲍威尔说:「我们实际上看到商品行业出现通货紧缩,当我们说通胀正在下降时,这是好事。但除住房外的核心服务指标尚未出现通货紧缩」。

美联储预计会加息,但幅度不会更大

美联储会议声明中表示,它预计将「持续」加息,并正在讨论未来加息的「程度」。这意味着在 3 月的下一次会议上将再次加息 25 个基点,并为在 5 月的会议上加息相同基点的可能性留下了余地。

联邦公开市场委员会 (FOMC) 成员在他们的报告中表示:「委员会预计,目标范围的持续上调将是适当的,以便获得足够限制性的货币政策立场,使通胀率随着时间的推移回到 2%」。

美联储官员曾在 12 月预计将在 2023 年将基准利率区间提高至 5-5.25% 区间,高于本次加息时设定的 4.5% 至 4.75% 的区间,一些经济学家担心加息幅度较小意味着美联储将难以实现其当前的预测。

投资公司 Vanguard Group 分析师 Joe Davis 在一份声明中写道:「如果通胀继续呈下降趋势,他们可能很难通过两次额外的 25 个基点加息来实现 5-5.25% 的加息。」

鲍威尔周三在新闻发布会上表示,美联储的最终利率「肯定会高于我们现在的记录」。

美联储预计 2023 年经济增长将放缓,「但不会出现衰退」

鲍威尔表示,大多数 FOMC 成员预计今年不会出现衰退。

他在新闻发布会上强调:「不同的参与者有不同的预测,但总的来说,这些预测是针对持续低迷的增长、劳动力市场的一些疲软,而不是衰退。今年增长将继续保持在相当低的水平,但还有其他因素需要考虑」。

他提到积极的国际经济状况、通货紧缩导致消费者信心改善,以及州和地方政府「现金充裕」。

与 FOMC 12 月会议声明中的措辞相比,新的声明表示 Covid 19 和乌克兰战争对经济的影响正在减弱。

在 2022 年前两个季度收缩之后,美国国内生产总值 (GDP) 第三季度年化增长率为 3.2%,第四季度为 2.9%,年终增长率为 2.1%。经济学家表示,软着陆将在数据中表现为连续几个季度的平稳增长。

波士顿学院经济学家 Brian Bethune 在一份分析报告中写道:「联邦公开市场委员会很有可能为经济设计软着陆,这将涉及几个季度的平稳增长」。

市场反应与声明的脱节

美股和加密市场在新闻发布后先跌后涨,一些分析师认为,此次美联储会议倾向于「略微鸽派」,但市场的反应与美联储的暗示之间存在脱节。

CoinShares 研究负责人 James Butterfill 发布推文称,美联储今天的声明增加了「没有真正推动市场的新内容,鲍威尔试图通过声明工作尚未完成来表达强硬态度,但市场不买账」。

Allianz Investment Management 高级投资策略师 Charlie Ripley 对 CNBC 表示,美国央行的加息行动已接近尾声,在加息结束后,央行可能会「在经济数据赶上政策的时候按兵不动」,他说:「美联储基本上是在说『车轱辘话』,他们暗示进一步加息是合适的,但也承认他们将在未来的政策决定中考虑收紧」。

Lazard 首席市场策略师 Ronald Temple 发表评论称:「联邦公开市场委员会的声明表明,进一步加息可能是合适的,而市场只消化了一次加息,结合今日接近创纪录水平的职位空缺报告,我认为市场在利率将走多高以及利率将维持多长时间方面仍然过于『鸽派』,来自市场的更多阻力只会导致美联储继续收紧条件」。

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