暴亏10亿美元,加密银行与背后大鱼均陷入困境,机构们还敢Web3吗?

白话区块链Published on 2023-01-30Last updated on 2023-01-30

Abstract

Silvergate 究竟是怎样的一个角色,2022 年第四季度发生了什么,又会对接下来的加密行业产生怎样的影响?

近日,加密友好银行集团 Silvergate Capital 披露,在 2022 年第四季度,其归属于股东的净亏损为 10 亿美元,而全年亏损约 9.49 亿美元,与此同时 Silvergate 在 2021 年的净收入为 7550 万美元。

从这个角度看,Silvergate 去年四季度的亏损不仅数额巨大,而且是完全意料之外的情况,那作为加密世界新闻中的常客,Silvergate 究竟是怎样的一个角色,2022 年第四季度发生了什么,又会对接下来的加密行业产生怎样的影响?

加密友好型银行 Silvergate

用一句话概括 Silvergate 的话,那就是 Silvergate 是一家对加密资产友好的银行集团,更是少数深度涉足加密业务并提供对应服务的传统银行机构。

早期 Silvergate 原本是一家位于加州的社区零售银行,主要为当地小微企业提供金融服务,从 2013 年开始它便将其业务模式从传统的银行服务转移到加密资产相关服务。

Silvergate 在 2017 年创建了Silvergate 交易网络(SEN),这是一个针对数字资产空间中的交易者的支付网络,它还为开发人员提供了创建新产品和服务的平台,并为 Coinbase、Gemini、Bitstamp 以及 FTX、Alameda Research 等提供银行结算服务。

也正是随着转变为加密友好银行,Silvergate 实现了「质」的转变,并在 2019 年底登陆纽交所。

而在加密资产行业 2020 年、2021 年的一轮繁荣中,不少加密机构和传统机构扮演了极为活跃的角色,Silvergate 也由此获得了最大化的收益:2020 年收入 1110 万美元,2021 年收入 7550 万美元。

踩对风口是起飞的关键前提,可以说选择加密业务并深耕其中,是 Silvergate 早期实现体量跃升的关键。

从 Silvergate 的股价(SI)走势就可以看出端倪,2019 年上市之后,SI 原本相对平稳,伴随着 2020 年下半年行情渐起,SI 股价开始走高,2021 年更是一路加速,曾在 2021 年加密资产价格位于高点时突破 200 美元,市值一度突破 70 亿美元。

但成也萧何,败也萧何。随着 2022 年行业逐步走向低迷,尤其是连续不断的爆雷事件,SI 股价一路走低,目前相对高点暴跌超 90%,市值仅 4 亿美元,其中 FTX 崩溃后跌幅就超过 70%。

FTX 余波下的 Silvergate 危机

究其原因,在加密行业这个周期性赛道中,和 FTX 等加密世界巨头的业务牵扯颇深就是把双刃剑,所以此次 FTX 风波之中,Silvergate 危机才逐步加深并最终陷入困境。

FTX 后的超 80 亿美元提现潮

先是从 11 月 FTX 爆雷后,两个月的时间,Silvergate 处理了 81 亿美元的挤兑提款,其加密资产相关存款在 2022 年第 4 季度更是暴跌 68%,为满足提款需求,Silvergate 清算了其资产负债表上持有的债务并承受了巨额折价亏损。

甚至前不久 Silvergate 还承认,去年底它从旧金山联邦住房贷款银行(FHLB)获得了 43 亿美元预付款,这才避免了存款的进一步挤兑,而现在 Silvergate 持有约 46 亿美元现金,其中大部分来自 FHLB 的预付款。

矿企 Marathon 还款结束

与此同时,不仅 Silvergate 的存款与现金业务在 FTX 崩溃后命悬一线,其加密机构服务业务也开始缩水。

其中比特币矿企 Marathon 就在 12 月偿还了欠 Silvergate 的 3000 万美元比特币循环贷款,释放了 3615 枚作为抵押品的 BTC。

Marathon曾发文称:

Microstrategy 的 2.05 亿美元贷款隐忧

此外,Microstrategy 也曾于 2022 年 3 月 23 日从 Silvergate 获得了一笔 2.05 亿美元的担保定期贷款,该贷款将在 2025 年 3 月到期,其浮动利率等于纽约联储报告的有担保隔夜融资利率(SOFR)30 天平均值与 3.70% 之和,最低利率为 3.75%。

其中该贷款以 8.2 亿美元的比特币为抵押,在发行时为 19466 个比特币,贷款价值比率(LTV)为 25%,必须保持最高 50% 的抵押率。如果 LTV 超过 50%,Microstrategy 需要存入足够的 BTC 或偿还贷款,使 LTV 降至 25% 或更低。

2022 年 6 月,伴随着比特币价格暴跌,微策公司(MSTR)将 10585 个 BTC 存入抵押品账户,为其抵押品充值。

而据计算,如果比特币价格跌破 13561 美元,这笔 Silvergate 贷款的比特币抵押品就或将面临清算,这离目前的二级市场价格还有约 60% 的跌幅空间。

加密友好银行之殇

总的来看,一方面,FTX 爆雷导致的信任危机,引发了数十亿美元用户资金的外逃挤兑;另一方面,它原本倚重的机构加密业务也迅速缩水,并在可预见的未来可能仍麻烦不断。

二者叠加之下,Silvergate 最近的股价下跌、裁员减支似乎都是必然的结果。而 Silvergate 的此次风波之所以会对行业机构层面产生如此重大的冲击,关键也就在于它是为数不多的几个提供加密业务的银行。

简言之,无论是对曾经的 FTX 等交易平台,还是 Marathon 等矿企,像 Silvergate 这样的加密友好银行,都是主要为这些机构提供有效「法币—加密资产」管道服务和加密资产抵押借代的核心角色。

可以说这些加密友好型银行是行业的关键流动性提供方,这也是整个加密行业近些年来日积月累下的成果,殊为不易。

而放眼整个行业,除了 Silvergate,2022 年以来加密银行普遍处于低潮,麻烦缠身。其中 Abra 在2022 年 12 月刚刚完成 2260 万美元的债券融资,也正进行裁员和业务重组;巴菲特持股的巴西最大金融科技银行 Nubank 近一年来股价也下跌过半。

总的来看,Silvergate 的跌落,无疑给行业敲响了警钟,加密银行赛道的发展都将受到负面影响,而这对行业合规、多元化的发展趋势的深远影响,恐怕也才刚刚开始。

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