「1987 版黑色星期一」重演:抱团交易逆转、流动性冲击,之后发生了什么?

深潮2024-08-06 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-08-06 tarihinde güncellendi

危险在于:暴跌可能自我强化,演变成信贷紧缩。

撰文:赵颖,华尔街见闻

「1987 版黑色星期一」在昨日再度上演,全球金融市场崩盘式暴跌,到处充斥着熔断、熊市、历史记录等字眼。

日经 225、东证指数双双暴跌逾 12%,盘中多次触发熔断机制;台股创下 1967 年以来最大跌幅,韩国创 2008 年以来最大跌幅,道指跌超千点与标普齐创两年最大跌幅,富途、Fidelity 等纷纷警告交易故障。

上一次全球市场经历如此惨痛的洗礼,还是在 1987 年 10 月 19 日的股灾。

当时亚太股市纷纷跳水,日经指数下跌 14.9%,恒生指数暴跌超 40%,新西兰股指甚至一度暴跌 60%。美国市场也陷入一片混乱,道指日内暴跌 22.6%,标普 500 指数暴跌 30%,全球股市约 1.71 万亿美元灰飞烟灭。

除了触目惊心程度相近之外,两次暴跌的导火索也类似,套利交易和程序化交易发生「大逆转」。以史为鉴,接下来会发生什么?美联储会再度出手「救市」吗?

「1987 版黑色星期一」

回顾 1987 年的美股走势,10 月 14 日美国政府公布的贸易赤字比预期的要大,美元也随之贬值,市场开始走低。

10 月 16 日周五,美国众议院提出立法,消除与融资并购相关的某些税收优惠的报告,美股下跌加剧,并为接下来一周的动荡埋下了伏笔;

10 月 19 日周一开盘,人们恐慌地看到,市场中卖盘远大于买盘。由于差异过大,在最初的一小时内,众多场内做市商甚至不提供做市报价。

美国 SEC 后来指出,到 10:00,标普 500 成份股仍有 95 支没有开盘;华尔街日报则指出,30 支道琼斯成份股票中,有 11 支无法开盘成交。

与此同时,随着股指期货和股票之间出现较大套利空间,一批交易机构开展了套利交易,而随着股市继续跳水,大量套保盘进一步在股指期货市场上做空指数合约,这反过来继续推动股指的跳水。

收盘时,道琼斯指数暴跌跌幅 22.76%,创造了 1929 年以来最大的跌幅数字。

10 月 20 日周二开盘前,美联储发表简短声明,并宣布「紧急降息 50 基点 + 量化宽松」救市:

美联储今天坚守其作为国家中央银行的职责,确认其愿意充当流动性来源,支持经济和金融体系。

市场也在美联储表态当天企稳,美股早盘继续下跌,芝加哥期权交易所和商品交易所中午暂停交易,午后恢复交易,随后有所反弹。

10 月 21 日,市场开始收复部分跌幅。

套利、程序化交易平仓引爆

与 1987 年类似,2024 年的「黑色星期一」也是由一场完美风暴触发。

彼时的美股自 1982 年以来一直处于大牛市,人们认为已经到了进行调整的时候了,而如今 AI 热潮助推的这波美股科技股走牛也让投资者「寒若禁蝉」。

其次是抱团交易逆转,1987 年这场股灾中「程序交易」被认为是罪魁祸首之一,投资组合的交易程序抛售股票,从而产生了多米诺骨牌效应。

而最近的股市暴跌部分源于,美日利差收窄引发「套利交易」逆转。日本央行上周意外加息,上周美联储会后释放降息信号,联储 9 月降息几乎被完全定价,此前汇市最受欢迎的「卖日元,买美元」套利交易「魅力」不再,投资者开始将手中的美元资产换回日元。

与此同时,1987 年崩盘前的那个星期五也出现了「三巫日」——股票期权、股指期货和股指期权合约同时到期,这导致了周五交易最后几个小时的严重不稳定,并将动荡延续到周一。

最后,分析将此次大幅下跌归咎于「群体性歇斯底里」,每次市场大跌时,投资者的从众心理会加剧下跌。

美联储会再度出手「救市」吗?

以史为鉴,美联储会采取什么行动?

应对 1987 年的市场崩盘,美国「紧急降息」、设立熔断机制,并提供流动性来救市。

为了减缓金融市场下跌并防止对实体经济产生溢出效应,美联储迅速采取行动向金融系统提供流动性,通过量化宽松政策向经济注入了数十亿美元资金。

同时,时任美联储总统的格林斯潘宣布「紧急降息 50 个基点」,将联邦基金利率从周一的 7.5% 以上降至周二的 7% 左右。

此外,监管机构还首次引入熔断机制,以防止因程序化交易而导致的市场崩溃。一旦出现股票市场异常下跌或上涨的情况,交易就会立即停止。

大跌将如何收场?

分析认为,最坏的结果可能是 2008 年的重演,但这种情况似乎不太可能发生。虽然去年一些美国大型银行因在政府债券上押注失误而倒闭,但银行的杠杆率比以前低得多,而且由于私人信贷承担了过去银行承担的大部分风险,银行体系受流动性危机的影响也较小。巨额亏损是有可能的,私人基金也可能会陷入困境,但这需要时间,而且不会引发同样的系统性危机。

理想的情况是,股市过度波动会像 1987 年那样逐渐平息,而不会造成更大范围的麻烦,预计这种平息过程比 1987 年更加缓慢。AI 狂热可能导致股价进一步下跌,即使从 6 月份的高点下跌了 30%,英伟达的股价今年仍上涨了一倍。但市场已经更接近正常水平,纳斯达克 100 指数今年迄今仅上涨了 6%,标普指数上涨不到 9%。

「债券卫士」之父 Yardeni 认为:

市场大跌的危险在于,暴跌可能自我强化、演变成信贷紧缩。可以想象,这种套利交易平仓可能会演变成某种金融危机,进而导致衰退。

不过,他强调,他个人预测不会最终产生这种结果。

İlgili Okumalar

OpenClaw Founder Peter Steinberg's Latest Speech: The Life and Death Revelation of an Open Source Project, How OpenClaw Emerged from the Eye of the Storm

Peter Steinberg, founder of the wildly popular open-source AI agent project OpenClaw, reflects on its turbulent journey from creation to near-collapse and resurgence. It began in late 2024 from his personal frustration with sending prompts from phone to computer. He built a WhatsApp relay that felt "magical," but initial excitement was limited to friends. After adding Discord support and launching a public server, the project exploded virally overnight, attracting massive attention, rebranding requests (from "Claudis" to OpenClaw), and even praise from NVIDIA's CEO. The intense scrutiny and pressure nearly broke Steinberg. The biggest technical crisis came from over-optimizing for a specific AI model provider, which suddenly canceled subscriptions, forcing a rushed shift to open-weight models. OpenClaw's weekly downloads plummeted before surging to a record high after being "declared dead." Steinberg realized he had stopped enjoying the build process and using his own product, making it a duty rather than a passion. His key lesson: "Fun is speed." Recovery came by refocusing on building for himself, forming a non-profit, and receiving crucial support (e.g., from NVIDIA for security). The team is now using OpenClaw to build OpenClaw itself, emphasizing its core value: a private, open alternative where "your agent, your machine, your life." He shares insights: the first user should be yourself; balance bug fixes with new features to maintain interest; the current bottleneck is reliable toolchains, especially for Mac testing. His story underscores that creation thrives on personal need, endures through storms when the joy of building returns, and persists by "living in the future and building what's missing."

marsbit18 dk önce

OpenClaw Founder Peter Steinberg's Latest Speech: The Life and Death Revelation of an Open Source Project, How OpenClaw Emerged from the Eye of the Storm

marsbit18 dk önce

US Stocks and Gold Rise Together, Bitcoin Rebound Absent, Have Bottom Signals Appeared?

While traditional assets like U.S. stocks and gold have rebounded strongly, Bitcoin continues to consolidate without following the uptrend. Since hitting an all-time high near $126,000 in October last year, Bitcoin has remained in a corrective phase, trading between $62,000 and $66,000 over the past month. Although U.S. spot Bitcoin ETFs have seen renewed net inflows recently—with the past week marking the best performance since mid-April—this buying pressure has been insufficient to counter persistent selling from miners and crypto companies. For instance, miner-linked wallets have seen their BTC balance drop by about 72% since late 2021. Some long-term indicators are showing early signs of a potential bottom. Metrics such as Reserve Risk, BTC price relative to its 2-year moving average, and the AHR999 index have entered historically oversold territory, suggesting improved long-term value. However, key indicators like MVRV Ratio, NUPL, and the Fear & Greed Index have not yet reached the extreme levels typically seen at major cycle lows. Furthermore, over 53% of Bitcoin supply remains in profit, and stablecoin liquidity is still contracting, indicating the market may need more time for a full capitulation phase. In summary, while select bottom signals are emerging, Bitcoin lacks the broad-based confirmation needed to declare a definitive cycle low. A sustained recovery will likely depend on continued ETF inflows, a reduction in structural selling pressure, and further deterioration in key on-chain metrics toward historical extremes.

marsbit20 dk önce

US Stocks and Gold Rise Together, Bitcoin Rebound Absent, Have Bottom Signals Appeared?

marsbit20 dk önce

After Yushu Got Hot, a 68-Year-Old Auto Parts Boss Bet 1.85 Billion

After staying relatively low-profile for years, Shanghai Bate Technology, a traditional auto parts supplier, has recently been thrust into the spotlight as a leading humanoid robotics concept stock. This shift is largely tied to the impending IPO of robotics company Unitree, with which Bate collaborates on prototype development. Bate's founder, 68-year-old Jin Kun, is making a bold bet on this new frontier. The company is investing 1.85 billion yuan to build a major R&D and production base in Kunshan for planetary roller screws—a key component in robot joints. With an annual capacity of 2.6 million sets planned, plus overseas expansion, this represents a massive, forward-looking commitment from a firm whose 2025 revenue of 2.3 billion yuan still relies almost entirely on its traditional automotive business (over 98%). The investment highlights a strategic pivot. Bate aims to leverage decades of expertise in metal processing, precision manufacturing, and heat treatment from the automotive sector and apply it to the burgeoning robotics industry. However, this move carries significant risk. The company has not yet secured formal supplier contracts or begun mass deliveries for its roller screws. It is essentially betting on future demand in a market that remains nascent. The broader industry context adds to the uncertainty. While multiple Chinese manufacturers are racing to invest in similar robotics component capacity (totaling over 6 billion yuan), the downstream humanoid robot market is still in its early stages. Estimates put 2025 global shipments at only around 18,000 units, primarily for entertainment, education, and data collection rather than large-scale industrial use. This creates a critical mismatch: the speed of upstream component factory construction and capital investment is far outpacing the commercialization and adoption of the robots themselves. Bate's story, driven by Jin Kun's decisive gamble, encapsulates the high-stakes transition facing traditional manufacturers seeking a "second growth curve" in robotics—a future full of potential but currently backed more by market anticipation than concrete financial results.

marsbit24 dk önce

After Yushu Got Hot, a 68-Year-Old Auto Parts Boss Bet 1.85 Billion

marsbit24 dk önce

İşlemler

Spot
活动图片