简述 ERC-3525 与 ERC-1155 差别

孟岩的区块链思考Опубликовано 2022-09-08Обновлено 2022-09-08

Введение

ERC-1155 更简单，ERC-3525 更灵活。

前天（2022 年 9 月 5 日），ERC-3525 半匀质化通证标准正式通过。这两天被问到最多的问题之一，就是 ERC-3525 与 ERC-1155 到底有何区别。我想这个问题以后一定会被一再问起，不如写一篇文章直截了当的解释一下。

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先说结论。大多数情况下你可以直接选择 ERC-3525，它会给你足够的灵活性和可扩展性。少数情况下 ERC-1155 可能是更加简单的选择。

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具体地说，ERC-1155 和 ERC-3525 是为不同场景设计的，但在实际应用中确实具有一定的竞争性。总的来说，ERC-1155 更简单，ERC-3525 更灵活。

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那么在实践中怎么选择呢？凡是 ERC-1155 能做的事情，ERC-3525 都可以实现，而且更具灵活性。所以，如果你非常确定 ERC-1155 就能够满足你的需求，而且你的需求以后也绝不会变化或者扩展，那么就可以选择 ERC-1155，这会简化你的实现。反之，如果你没有把握，或者觉得以后还可能会提出进一步的需求或者改进，那么选择 ERC-3525 是绝不会后悔的。

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为什么这么说？

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半匀质化通证标准 VS 多通证标准

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ERC-1155 是一个多通证（multi token）标准。根据其实质，我们更愿意称它为多实例 NFT （multi-instance NFT）标准。它适合于一个相对狭窄的应用场景，就是同一个 NFT 有多个一模一样的实例。注意是一模一样，这些实例彼此之间必须完全相同，不能有一丝一毫的不同。

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ERC-3525 是半匀质化通证（semi-fungible token）标准，这是一个通用标准，适用面非常广阔。它可以把多个相似但并不相同的通证识别为「同类」，然后允许同类之间进行相互转账等特殊操作。从效果上，相当于同类之间可以进行合并、拆分、碎片化等数学操作。

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两者的差别主要就是在对于「同类」的界定上。

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ERC-1155 认为同类对象必须得完全相同，有丝毫不同也不是同类。

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ERC-3525 认为同类对象可以求同存异、和而不同，彼此的关键性质相同，但非关键的性质允许存在差异。

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说白了，两个标准各自的设计选择，主要就是源于这个基本理念的差异。哪一个更灵活，更符合实际情况，哪一个能够适应更多的应用场景，大家可以自己去判断。

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ERC-3525，半匀质化在应用中的优势

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我举一个例子。这并不是 ERC-3525 的典型应用场景，但是却能够特别直观的帮助大家理解上面所说的差别。

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比如电子书场景。艺术品 NFT 当然每一个都是独一无二的，用 ERC-721 就好了。但电子书，一本电子书是可以有多份正版拷贝的。这个场景用 ERC-1155 合适，还是 ERC-3525 合适呢？

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如果你使用 ERC-1155 发行 100 本电子书，那么这 100 本电子书拷贝必须完全一样，在未来的整个生命周期也必须完全一样，不能够有任何不同。

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但如果有一天，你突然发现其中有一本拷贝的买家是马一龙，使得这本书与其他的 99 本不同了，有没有什么办法把这本书单独拎出来搞成一个「马一龙珍藏善本」呢？

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不行。在 ERC-1155 里，马一龙与另外 99 个买家共享同一本书，他只是拿到了 100 张一模一样的阅览证的其中之一而已。

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为什么？请记住我刚才所说的，ERC-1155 认为同类必须完全相同，你马一龙这一本，跟马一琍的那一本完全相同，没有任何办法加以区分。

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但如果你听了我建议，从一开始用的就是 ERC-3525，那么恭喜你，马一龙珍藏版就可以变得与其他 99 本不同。马一龙可以给它盖上自己的藏书章，写一个跋，借给自己的朋友 Peter Thiel 和 Larry Page 开开光。这样一来，这本书就变得独一无二了。

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为什么 ERC-3525 支持这种操作？刚才说了，ERC-3525 认为，这本书与其他 99 本是同类，但是可以有差异。同类意味着，它们都是同一个标题、同一个作者、同一时间、同一版次发行的。只要这几个关键特征一样，这 100 本书就是同类。但是，君子和而不同，虽然咱们是同类，但是我这本书还是可以有自己的特色的，比如马一龙的藏书章，比如乾隆皇帝非常差劲的御笔题跋。为什么？因为藏书章和题跋不属于关键特征，因此不影响类别判定。

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在内部，ERC-3525 通过一个叫做 SLOT 的机制来给通证分类。一个 SLOT 就是一个关键属性集合。两个通证，只要它们具有相同的 SLOT，也就是说，它们的关键属性完全一样，那么就被视为同类。同类之间可以你侬我侬，亲密接触。但即使我跟你是同类，咱俩的非关键属性，还是可以有所不同的。

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为什么我们叫 ERC-3525 「半匀质化通证（SFT）」标准？就是因为，同一个 SLOT 的各个 SFT 是 fungible 的，像 ERC-20 一样；而不同 SLOT 的各个 SFT 彼此相异，像 ERC-721 一样。与同类匀质，而与非同类异质，所谓「半」者，就是这个意思。

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那么这是不是说 ERC-1155 就完全被 ERC-3525 给覆盖了呢？也不是这样的。在某些场景里，你明确知道在整个生命周期中，一个 NFT 的多个实例就是生死与共，绝对不会彼此有所不同，那么你还是可以使用 ERC-1155 的，因为 ERC-1155 复杂度低一些，更简单。

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ERC-1155 的典型场景就是游戏装备。比如一种激光剑，一共有 10 把，一模一样，从游戏上线到最后一个副本都删档了都一模一样，那么就适合用 ERC-1155。

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但如果你想让每一把激光剑都有一个威力值，而且一把激光剑镶上紫钻以后威力值倍增，那就还是老老实实使用 ERC-3525 好了。

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当然，ERC-3525 最适合的场景还是表达票据或者真实世界资产，比如带积分的会员卡、承兑汇票、债券、期权、期货、基金、资产支持票据、土地权证等。Solv Protocol 最初的目标是做这个。我们一开始就研究过 ERC-1155，确实不适合，才会绕一个大弯花了 23 个月打造 ERC-3525 SFT 标准。总而言之，ERC-3525 不是为了跟 ERC-1155 竞争而设计的，它们是面向不同的应用场景，但设计出来以后，确实在很多场景下对 ERC-1155 形成了竞争关系，这一点我们也不回避。

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