评论:为何艺术展正在消失,加密货币成了富人的洗钱工具?

marsbitОпубликовано 2025-07-29Обновлено 2025-07-30

富人们惯常讨论如何「节税」,至于艺术品,更多人戏称是富人拿来「洗钱」的好工具。

上个礼拜,脸书上的艺术内容创作者 Jean Tsai 抛出了贴文感叹,在台北举办的「台湾当代艺术博览会宣布停办」,在许多人眼里,或许只是艺术版面上则无关痛痒的讯息。

资本流动

但对任何一个长期追踪资本流动轨迹的人来说,这意味着长期以来作为富人们储存价值、对冲风险,乃至在灰色地带游走的传统工具,艺术品,它的护城河正在被更凶猛,更有效率的加密力量所冲垮。

台北当代艺术博览会的停办,官方说法是「策略性调整」,以应对艺术市场的改变。这当然是事实,但这只是病征,而非病因。社群提出艺术展不好办的真正的问题是,为什么艺术市场在收缩?

那些原本应该流入画廊、拍卖会的「热钱」去了哪里?答案,就藏在加密货币那高达 4 兆美元的总市值里,是传统艺术市场难以追上的巨大资金池。

资本的逻辑从来就不走浪漫,它只选择阻力最小,效率最高的路径。

传统艺术品怎么「节税」?

我们先不讨论真拿艺术品来洗钱方式,但传统来说,富人喜购艺术品除非美感追求上,更有强力的节税、增值、匿名交易、转移等需求。

使用 1031 Exchange(美国法规)

这是一个用于「延迟资本利得税」的工具,原本是用来交换房地产的,但过去一段时间很多美国富人拿来操作艺术品节税。

卖掉一幅画获利,理论上应该要缴资本利得税(美国最高28%),但你马上用这笔钱去买另一幅价值相近或更高的画,就可以合法延后课税。就像DeFi套娃,一层一层换下去,永远都不用缴税。

*川普政府在2017年改革中限制了这招只能用在不动产,但之前玩的人赚翻,现在美国房地产交易量低落,可能会有对富人的刺激性税务改革

设立艺术信托或基金会

把艺术品捐赠给自己创立的艺术基金会(例如「XX家族文化信托」),捐赠时还可以抵税,同时艺术品仍然挂在自己家墙上展示,只是帐面上属于基金会。这种「拥有与使用权分离」的玩法,国税局很难查这种操作,所以富人家里有些高价收藏品,实属正常。

存放在「自由港」(Freeport, 像是瑞士日内瓦)

把艺术品存放在免税区(Freeport),在帐面上只是「过境中」,还没进入市场。在那边可以进行匿名转手、等待市场价格浮动、甚至质押借款。自由港就像艺术界的暗网仓库,所有高价艺术品静静躺在那边当避风港,国税局看不到、碰不到。大概只有电影《天能》的罗伯派丁森可以侵入。

资本无情抉择:Crypto

现在来做最直接的比较。当一位高净值人士决定将一笔千万美元级别的资金投入市场,他面临两种选择。

选择一,买一幅当代艺术画作。他需要联系画廊、被审核购买资格、聘请顾问鉴定真伪与估价、被以上的专业人士抽成,后期需要处理复杂的国际运输、报关与税务问题。

整个流程,从一个念头到艺术品真正挂上墙,耗时数周甚至数月,期间的摩擦成本与不确定性极高,就像是用一套古老的、基于信任和人脉的镖局来运送黄金,缓慢且昂贵。

选择二,是将这笔资金投入加密货币市场。他只需要在 3C 产品上点击几下,几分钟内就能完成一笔全球性的交易。这个市场7天24小时不间断运作,流动性遍及全球。他可以轻易地将资产分散到不同的代币中,甚至透过DeFi(去中心化金融)协议将其出借,赚取额外收益。

区块链系统的透明度(所有交易皆可在链上追踪)、低廉的交易成本与即时性,完全碾压了传统艺术市场。某些家族办公室对数字资产的配置比例已高达25%,这证明了新生代的财富管理者,正在用脚投票。

资本的本质是逐利的,减低磨损就是利润。当一个市场的交易成本高,它就必然会被更有效率的市场所取代,这是艺术市场部分被加密市场夺取的原因。

洗钱管道的世代交替

现在,让我们认真来谈「洗钱」。长久以来,艺术市场因其定价的主观性、交易的私密性以及跨境运输的便利性,被视为理想的洗钱工具。一幅画作的价值可以轻易地在「专家意见」下被高估或低估,为非法资金的转移提供了完美的借口。然而看似完美的方法,在全球反洗钱(AML)与反资恐融资(CFT)法规日益收紧的近二十年,正变得越来越脆弱。

每一次的实体交易,都可能留下海关纪录、金流轨迹与保险文件。相比之下,加密货币提供了更强的匿名性。

透过区块链混币器(Mixer)等工具,资金的来源可以被层层打乱,难以追踪。一笔数亿美元的资金,可以在几秒钟内跨越国境,而无需向任何海关或金融机构申报。这对于追求隐匿性的非法资金而言,吸引力是致命的。

另外,你知道大市值的迷因币,是谁发行的吗?谁在操盘?一波在一个月内市值上飙数千万美元的代币,在 DeFi 里面 Swap 也是利用加密货币洗钱不公开的秘密。

顶级艺术品神话

当然一定会有人反驳,看看佳士得和苏富比拍卖,那些顶级的蓝筹艺术品不是还在创造价格天花板吗?毕卡索、莫内的作品依然是全球富豪榜们争相追逐的传家宝。这不是意味着艺术市场依然稳定?

这个观点只说了一半,资本传承正在发生剧烈的「资产分化」。那些亿级美元的「传承资本」(Preservation Capital),他们购买顶级艺术品,买的不仅是资产,更是社会地位、文化资本以及一张进入菁英圈的入场券。

这是一种极度厌恶风险、追求实物与稳定性的资金,加密货币的高波动性和「没有历史的不可靠感」无法满足他们的需求。因此艺术品金字塔顶端的市场,确实依然稳固。

然而健康的市场生态,不能只靠几条艺术大佬存活。真正撑起整个产业链,养活无数画廊、策展人、艺术家、艺术代销,是金字塔中层和底层的广大市场。而艺术展是中端市场最重要的交易发生场所。

追求超额回报的「投机资本」(Speculative Capital)被加密货币吸走后,被掏空的正是这个中端市场。台北当代的停办,恰恰证明了这一点。顶级市场的繁荣,反而凸显了艺术中端市场的萧条。

当万物皆可代币化

那么,艺术的未来在哪里?答案不是与科技为敌,而是拥抱它。这场危机,同时也是一场前所未有的机遇,那就是将现实世界的资产,透过区块链进行「代币化」(RWA, Real-World Asset Tokenization)。

每个艺术品的产权,每次交易纪录、每次的鉴定报告,都被写入一个代币中,永久储存在区块链上,无法窜改。这彻底解决了艺术品市场最大的痛点,真伪与溯源问题。这枚代表画作所有权的代币可以被分割成无数份,让小额投资者也能参与。

它可以在全球的数字资产交易所上 7 天 24 小时自由交易,流动性问题可望解决。它甚至可以被抵押到DeFi 协议中,借出稳定币,成为高效的生息资产。

接下来的叙事,币圈的朋友一定很熟悉了,不需要我再炒冷饭一次。虽然 NFT 已经落下神坛,但不能否认的,艺术品代币化的确能解决部分传统艺术圈的生存问题。

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