深陷FTX风暴的加密市场何时反弹?

PanewsPublished on 2022-11-23Last updated on 2022-11-23

Abstract

市场,最重要的是活下来看到加密潮汐后的新月。

市场,最重要的是活下来看到加密潮汐后的新月。

在刚刚过去的 10 月,BTC 的月度均线一度成功守住了 20000 美元大关。而这一个月也是比特币有记录以来最平静的 10 月之一。整个加密货币市场在相当一段长的时间内保持了震荡趋势。而这种震荡形成的市场也很容易被不稳定的消息冲击,进而导致平衡的打破。

然而就在 10 月底,这个均衡有了被打破的迹象。多头一直渴望的反弹趋势有了延续的可能性。但这个可能性随着 FTX 黑天鹅事件的发生再次破灭。最新公布的美国 CPI 数据又重新回落至「7 区间」。除了加密货币以外的风险资产再度集体暴力反弹。如此复杂的内外环境下,BTC 走势究竟会如何呢?

鲶鱼效应的寓言与流动性哲学

西班牙人爱吃沙丁鱼,但沙丁鱼的运输成本非常高昂,且很不适应离开大海后的环境。当渔民们把刚捕捞上来的沙丁鱼运回码头后,过不了多久沙丁鱼就会死亡。而死掉的沙丁鱼根本卖不出去。如果此时的沙丁鱼还活着,那么它的售价就要比死鱼高出若干倍。

为了延长沙丁鱼的寿命,渔民会想方设法让鱼活着到达港口。后来渔民想出了一个办法,将几条鲶鱼放在运输舱里。因为鲶鱼是食肉鱼,被放进后便会四处游动寻找小鱼吃。为了躲避天敌的吞食,沙丁鱼会被迫加速游动,从而保持了旺盛的生命力。

如此一来,一条条新鲜的沙丁鱼就会生龙活虎地来到市场上。这种被迫被对手激活的现象在经济学上被称作「鲶鱼效应」。现在这个寓言一般的鲶鱼效应终于来到了加密货币市场。FTX 成为了那条被巨型鲶鱼吃掉的肥胖沙丁鱼。

很多人对于现在的状况很悲观,但从长远来看这是对加密行业发展产生的积极效应之一。FTX 倒塌后随着机构的退出及其风险的释放。鲶鱼效应可以产生激活剩下的加密原生项目,使这些机构彻底摒弃优越感和依赖性,加快从观念转换、法律架构、团队管理到代币机制等全方位的更迭。这种深层的流动性改变不应只被看作增长趋缓,而是新的需求挖掘。

持续累积的流动性紧缩

让我们回顾过去一个月的加密货币市场的行情。首先,从宏观面来看,10 月 22 日,旧金山联储主席接受采访时提到,当前的加息速度稍快,美联储会考虑放缓加息步伐,但不是暂停加息,而是加息 25 或 50 基点。美联储理事 Christopher Waller 也说,随着利率越来越高,在继续攀升的同时放缓上升速度的理由就越充分,即将加息放缓至 50bp。也许新的数据会显示一个更小幅度的攀升,即加息 25bp。或者可能需要连续加息 50bp 来让利率继续上升一段时间,最终达到更高的终点。

此番发言使得市场押注美联储 12 月削减加息幅度的猜测瞬间上扬。美股触底反弹,并带动加密市场回暖。事实上先前大家对于 12 月的预期都是加息 75 基点。但美联储连续第四次加息 75 个基点,这是今年以来第六次加息。对应的房贷利率,大约在上升到 7.5~9% 左右,已经到达十五年来的新高。鲍威尔的发言显得更加鹰派:即使通胀降了,也不会停止加息,实际加息幅度会高于市场预期。

美联储这种自杀式加息,真的打掉了全世界投资者的幻想吗?投资者看起来仍然左右摇摆,不愿接受当前的货币政策基调。特别是在面对当前高通胀环境内的经济速冻范式,投资者仍然反复地想通过对抑制衰退的幻想来试图创造一个偏鸽派的预期。反应到市场上的表现则是投资者已经提前消化并预测了 75 个基点的涨幅,整个风险市场的波动仍维持在一个较小的状态。

不过,预期是用来打破的。目前仍然处于紧缩累积的第二阶段,虽然通胀在下降,加息幅度也有望缩小,但是美联储是铁了心要把美国房价股价打爆,顺便用美元收割其他经济体。所以不排除在中期选举的选情稳定后鲍威尔继续关公舞大刀。因此加密投资者不可能寄希望于美联储的「高高举起轻轻落下」,最终落脚点仍然是场内资金的避险情绪。目前来看,在 FTX 事件的倾轧下,围绕比特币的场内资金呈现出乐观坚挺的状态。

FUD or BUILD?

其次,从消息面来看,随着 10 月底马斯克正式完成对推特的收购,有关推特将进行区块链改造和集成加密支付的传闻瞬间传开,这使得以 DOGE 为代表的山寨币纷纷飙升,一度使得场内的山寨币赚钱效应大幅改善。这也为加密货币的反弹提供了很好的催化剂。

另外,由于国际整体宏观市场不断恶化,空头在 10 月一整个月的阴跌中不断加大对加密货币群体下跌的押注。期货多空人数比长期维持在 1 附近。在空方被严重超卖的情况下,大规模的空头清算成为了上涨的助推器。所以,10 月底市场的上涨也存在主力早有预谋的绞杀空头的可能。

不幸的是,上述一连串事件形成的反弹行情在 FTX 黑天鹅事件的影响下,再度成为泡影。11 月 3 日周三,CoinDesk 披露的一份报告称,同样由 SBF 创立的姐妹公司 Alameda Research,其资产负债表主要由 FTX 发行的代币 FTT 组成,持有约 1.4 亿枚,把控着 FTT 两亿枚流通量的 70%。Alameda 与 FTT 相关资产为 58 亿美元,占其净资产的 88%。这份爆料引发了投资者对于 Alameda 的经营状况及 FTT 可能遭遇流动性危机的担忧。

消息一出,11 月 5 日,FTX 的最大竞争对手币安立即就这件事发表质疑。11 月 6 日,Alameda Research 联席 CEO Caroline Ellison 终于在推特上回应称,CoinDesk 披露的资产负债表仅为公司资产的一部分,另有超过 100 亿美金的资产没有反映,并称已经归还了大部分的贷款。SBF 也同时高调宣布运营一切正常。但随后区块链上出现大量 FTT。11 月 8 日,用户纷纷开始从 FTX 中提取资金,且几乎没有任何人存入资金。FTX 遭遇了约 80 亿美元的流动性缺口。

反弹的时间点

FTX 无法获得机构资金的帮助和信任,正式走向破产。黑天鹅终于到来了。最重要的就是对信心的打击。重建失去的信任将成为最大的挑战。其次就是更加严苛的加密监管执法的到来。加密货币市场将告别表面监管的粗放发展时代。各个国家的加密资产管理机构将普遍实施一套严格的风险控制体系和完整的审计。但循序渐进式的监管介入才是对行业摩擦最小、损害最少的方式。

可以想象的是 FTX 这样的恶性事件招来的监管只会是一边倒的恶意。一旦矫枉过正,会对行业造成无法修复的后果。同时,持续不断的加息对于加密货币市场是极其不利的,自 2022 年初以来,股票和加密货币等风险资产一直保持高度正相关性。随着投资者因利率上升、通胀飙升和潜在衰退而选择撤离,加密市场已经处于较长时间的「寒冬」模式。

大部分的代币价格大幅下跌。大多数加密货币交易员仍在等待进一步的触底信号。而随着全球经济衰退的呼声越来越高,大家的焦点也转向了美联储将在什么时间内降息。一旦美联储开始有了放松政策的任何迹象,这对加密货币资产都将形成强劲的短期利好。

因此,未来几个月和几个季度的通胀和劳动力市场数据至关重要。如果 2% 的目标无法达成,那么加息的阴云仍将继续笼罩市场。再结合目前 FTX 事件的悬而未决,也许而大家期待的反弹要退后至明年第一季度。当然,不要把预期建立在政策转向上,预期应建立在技术的创新上。我们可以预期的唯一一点在于,加息的全球溢出效应正在反噬那些脆弱的法币单位。

只有美元池子能够承接流动性吗?答案显然是否定的。比特币网络的造血和吸血能力能经受更多的考验吗?答案显然是肯定的。

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