沃尔玛加入元宇宙背后的监管之惑

澎湃新闻Pubblicato 2022-03-23Pubblicato ultima volta 2022-03-23

Introduzione

自去年互联网社交媒体巨头脸书(Facebook)宣布将公司改名为“Meta”,并将未来发展战略聚焦于建立“元宇宙”(metaverse)之后,元宇宙概念持续大热。

自去年互联网社交媒体巨头脸书(Facebook)宣布将公司改名为“Meta”,并将未来发展战略聚焦于建立“元宇宙”(metaverse)之后,元宇宙概念持续大热。知名跨国零售企业沃尔玛也积极跟进,于去年12月底启动申请“Verse to Home”“Verse to Curb”“Verse to Store”等商标,并表示有意向用户提供虚拟货币和非同质化代币(NFT),以及在增强现实 (AR) 和虚拟现实 (VR) 中销售虚拟商品,包括电子产品、家居装饰品、玩具、体育用品和个人护理产品等。
目前,全球众多行业和品牌纷纷踊跃入局元宇宙,意欲围绕区块链创建自己的商业生态系统,以把握未来商机。然而,建立在媒介和VR/AR技术基础上,以实现虚拟和现实相通、相生与相融为主要功能的元宇宙,已经衍生出了许多有别于完全现实世界的监管新挑战和治理新需求。前不久,美国企业研究所高级研究员谢恩·特斯(Shane Tews)就在其撰写的文章《加入元宇宙会使沃尔玛成为科技公司吗?》(Would Joining the Metaverse Make Walmart a Tech Company?)中围绕沃尔玛公司在元宇宙中开展业务的监管政策适用问题提出了一系列疑问,或可被视为当前“元宇宙热”下必要的一点“冷思考”。
在谢恩·特斯(Shane Tews)看来,大型跨国零售企业沃尔玛积极向元宇宙这一高科技领域进军,不仅要开发商务应用程序,还计划创建自己的数字货币和非同质化代币(NFT),这些举措事实上已经使自己跻身于互联网科技公司之列。鉴于当前美国国会正在加快对科技巨头公司的反垄断立法进程,沃尔玛的某些做法将可能有悖于现行立法准则。
谢恩·特斯(Shane Tews)指出,当前美国需要审慎思考的监管问题应当包括:第一,作为传统零售企业,沃尔玛在试图将其业务从Web2.0的在线平台模式升级至Web3.0元宇宙生态系统的过程中,如果需要收购科技初创公司,是否也应该遵守美国联邦贸易委员会和司法部专门针对科技巨头公司所制定的企业合并准则?第二,沃尔玛计划向用户提供可进入元宇宙进行商品交易的电子商务应用程序下载,其中所包含的互联网访问、阅读、跟踪和数据分享等功能是否也应当被视为现行法律规定的安全在线体验而受到监管?第三,沃尔玛是否应当遵守美国对科技巨头反垄断立法试图强制执行的“非自我优待原则”(“自我优待”指的是互联网公司对各自平台上的自有产品给予优先待遇)?第四,沃尔玛是否也应像亚马逊、苹果和谷歌一样被要求允许所有用户自由进入其专门开发的元宇宙技术与安全平台?
对于第四个问题,谢恩·特斯(Shane Tews)认为,对于沃尔玛这样的大型零售商来说,由于其对用户访问元宇宙的安全保障程序将内置于虚拟产品设计之内,如果现实中负责这类业务监管的美国专利和商标局要求沃尔玛取消这些安全程序,并开放访问其元宇宙平台,沃尔玛只能选择遵守,但这样做却将有损于元宇宙中的用户信息安全和隐私保护。与此同时,美国国会力推的《美国创新与选择在线法案》和《开放应用市场法案》又制定了一系列非歧视性规定,以防止科技巨头掌控的应用商店删除未经审核的应用程序(APPs),意在改变应用商店的封闭生态,促进数字经济的市场竞争。但是,这些规定是否也应该适用于沃尔玛这类传统商业公司为加入元宇宙所创建的以封闭保障安全的电子商务系统呢?如果适用,又是否会阻碍其加入元宇宙的步伐?上述这些问题目前都尚无定论。但是,在各行各业“跑步进入”元宇宙的背景下,如果长期忽视元宇宙框架下的数字监管新需求,显然不利于整个生态的健康与安全。
作为全球零售业巨头,沃尔玛的元宇宙布局在一定程度上代表了整个行业演进的风向。谢恩·特斯(Shane Tews)在文章中提出的问题实际上凸显了美国现有监管框架在规制新兴技术和创新应用上相对滞后的矛盾。然而,围绕元宇宙这个新生事物需要监管的问题还远不止于此。为妥善应对元宇宙中虚拟经济新模式带来的巨大挑战,各国都有必要尽早筹谋相应的监管创新。具体可聚焦于以下三个主要方面:
一、为维护数据权益和数据资产安全建立公正有效的制度保障。元宇宙生态中存在大量数字资产,因此需要数字资产凭证来推动元宇宙的经济循环。虚拟货币和非同质化代币(NFT)将成为实现虚拟物品数字资产化和流通交易的重要工具。然而,NFT投资市场目前仍存在较多风险点,包括NFT交易平台本身的合规风险、NFT发行方的合规风险、NFT买家转售时的流动性风险等。此外,虚拟世界并非法外之地,当前还需要遏制资本驱动下对元宇宙投资的过度炒作行为,以有效监管促进维护市场稳定与健康发展。
二、对支撑元宇宙生态的算法、智能合约等底层架构予以适当规制。理想的元宇宙平台应当是一个不被某一国家政府、科技巨头或运营商垄断控制的公共基础设施,以维持虚拟世界的安全有序运转。因此,基础的算法需要确保公平、透明以及符合伦理规范,避免算法歧视、算法剥削等负面问题产生。
三、根据元宇宙中虚拟经济和社会活动的去中心化特点,建立与之相适应的监管规范。数字经济时代,元宇宙将推动整个经济组织形态发生变革,由集中走向分散。这将迥异于当今现实世界中通常采用的自上而下中心化管理范式。因此,有必要建立与DAO(decentralized autonomous organization,去中心化自治组织)相适应的治理与监管机制。比如,在超越主权边界的元宇宙中,个人和各类经济行为体基于同一个应用程序的虚拟活动很有可能会跨越不同国家和地区,如果出现违法行为,应当如何开展国际协调与合作监管,本身就是一个需要深入研究的问题。
总而言之,由于今后所有产业都有可能通过元宇宙赋能和升级,且元宇宙还将和国家、区域发展息息相关,因此政府、法律、监管都不该在元宇宙发展的早期缺位,而是要与元宇宙的技术演进相融相通,务实而理性地重构虚拟与现实世界之间,以及人类相互之间的连接方式,支撑未来科技整体性变革的潜力和张力。

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