圆桌讨论:以太坊“平滑无感” 顺利完成POS升级的原因

吴说区块链Published on 2022-09-20Last updated on 2022-09-20

Abstract

2022 年 9 月 15 日 14 时 43 分,以太坊完成主网和信标链的合并,成功过渡到 PoS。

前言:以太坊历史最重要的升级,从 POW 转为 POS,就这么简单地在9月15日完成。此前外界的诸多担忧(例如漏洞、矿工攻击、节点同步问题等等)都没有成为现实。此前以太坊开发者们表示,他们希望达到的目标就是使得转 POS 是一种平滑、无感地过度。回顾来看,作为一个数千亿美金的经济体,能够如此平滑地完成 POS 升级,值得鼓掌,成功的原因是什么,也值得探讨与分析。

GaryMa:

2022 年 9 月 15 日 14 时 43 分,以太坊完成主网和信标链的合并,成功过渡到 PoS。可能很多社区用户是激动却疑惑的:这就合并过渡成功了,酝酿了这么多年的大招,就这么平静地完成了,市场价格也风平浪静,甚至现在来看,有点 Sell The News 的感觉。

当初我们都将这种共识机制的过渡比喻作为正在行驶的火车更换引擎,使我们自觉形成了 PoS 过渡难度重重的意识。最后面对如此平滑顺利、甚至用户无感的升级过渡,用户难免有点惊喜甚至是惊讶。而这一切,其实都来自于以太坊社区的努力与贡献。

要知道,在主网合并之前,开发者社区已经筹备了多次测试网的升级预演(Kiln、Ropsten、Sepolia、Goerli)以及十余次主网影子分叉测试,在每一次的测试升级迭代中,修复潜在漏洞。

同时,合并升级也实现了最舒适的用户体验,对于普通用户来说,无需任何操作,也几乎不会感受到升级带来的困扰麻烦(除了交易所单方面的短暂禁止充提,或部分协议的短暂暂停使用)。即使是对于开发者来说,也基本实现了最小化的改动,如区块结构、区块时间、操作码等细微变动,基本也不影响 DApp 的主体功能,可留待升级成功后再进行相关合约的升级修改。

另外,这次过渡能够如此平滑的重要因素,也离不开信标链的长期稳定运行和节点运营商的配合。要知道,信标链 2020 年 12 月 1 日上线,至今已经稳定运行了近两年;而在主网合并当日,超过 88% 的节点的执行客户端已经准备就绪,这是能够平滑过渡的重要条件之一。

最终,在区块高度 15537394 以太坊正式跨入 PoS 时代,并且网络指标数据非常健康,验证者参与率高达 99% 以上,首个 epoch 也如期在 12 分钟后实现最终性,也没有异常的丢块情况,据开发者 terence.eth 表示,合并后的丢块率约为 1.73%,在预期范围内。

ChainFeeds 创始人潘致雄:

我认为有会包含三个因素:测试网已经过多次测试、升级内容本就用户无感、问题可能还不会在短时间内爆出。其实本次升级就已经比大家预期的上线时间晚一些了,所以以太坊基金会还是经过了比较多的测试网验证,几次测试中还是遇到过一些问题的,也能尽快修正。值得注意的一点是,就在 Merge 发生的前一天之内,执行客户端Geth还在发布版本更新修复一些小的问题,很多问题还是能在测试网发现的。另外,本次升级本来就是用户无感的,只是更新共识而已,执行层没有变化,所以用户体验上不会产生任何可感知的区别。最后,这次升级其实还没过去很久,所以问题可能还没被发现或者曝光。虽然社区里已经酝酿很多关于PoS容易被审查的讨论,而更多的影响可能还需要时间积累,不是瞬间出现的,还需要长时间的观察。

Solv Protocol 创始人 孟岩:

第一是技术变革的平滑,这一点很多人已经分析过了。以太坊核心开发团队已经建立了一个可以与 Linux、Python 等经典开源项目相媲美的工程体系,形成了成熟的创新、开发、测试和部署流程。这次 Merge 证明了以太坊工程体系能够支撑重大技术变革。未来我们可以不用特别担心这方面的风险了。

第二是制度变革的平滑。POW 转向 POS 实际上是整个以太坊通证激励制度的一次变革,拿走了大量既得利益者的奶酪。从通证经济的角度来说,这样做的动机不难理解。但能够相对平滑的实施,一方面说明以太坊一直是一个创新者主导的生态,治理机制是强有力的,另一方面也说明 POW 矿工群体虽然在之前的七年多里赚得盆满钵满,但是在治理权、或者说政治权利方面,没有什么分量,没有组织像样的反抗,甚至连抱怨的声量都不大。这表明 POW 矿工之前对于以太坊的参与纯粹是经济利益驱动的,对生态创新的关注和贡献非常低,没有形成跟以太坊开发者和创新社群的密切关系,反过来证明了 POS 升级主导者的主张:激励其他人比激励 POW 矿工更合理。

ColinWu:

此前 Amber Group 研究指出,有可能在合并之前,矿工将变得更有敌意,严重降低以太坊的用户体验。例如,矿工可以偷取 MEV。矿工理论上也可以开始运行客户端,重组以太坊区块链以追溯捕获 MEV。这一些没有发生的原因在于,首先以太坊社区对开发者群体与 Vitalik 有高度的信任,转 POS 也是进行了非常长时间的铺垫,矿工、矿池并没有表达出攻击与不友好的意向;其次也是更重要的是,在过去2年的 DeFi 与 NFT 的爆发,以太坊矿工以更便宜的机器,获得了极高的利润。我一个圈外的朋友,曾经在3个月机器回本并且还赚取了100%的利润。因此除了近期被“忽悠”进场的(开发者已无数次警告不要购买矿机、将要POS,这种持续的提醒也是非常值得点赞),绝大部分都获得了足够的利润。正如鱼池在告别ETHPOW信中所言:我们承认 ETH PoW 的时代已经结束,将成为历史。让我们缅怀、告别光辉岁月,迈向PoS新时代。

JoeyWu:

为了完成像合并这样的重大升级,利益相关者之间需要达成足够的共识。主要利益相关者有节点、应用和矿工。由于网络需要有足够的节点支持才能运行,因此主要的客户端必须完成升级。9 月初,以太坊开发团队启动了合并前最后一次重大升级:Bellatrix。根据以太坊节点网站 ethernodes.org 显示,当时有大约四分之三的节点已经升级了他们的软件(理论上超过三分之二即可)。此后虽然遇到了一点小波折,即 9% 的区块错过节点验证,但随着以太坊核心开发人员 Marius Van Der Wijden 披露此事后,剩余节点也陆续跟上进度。直到合并前夕,几乎所有客户端都完成了升级。可以说,Bellatrix 升级类似于鲍威尔的预期管理,将不稳定的因素提前暴露了。

应用方面是最无可争议的,几乎所有主要的应用都支持以太坊合并。尤其是 USDT 的发行商 Tether、USDC 的发行商 Circle(稳定币是 DeFi 的血液),明确表示支持新的共识机制, 而不是任何分叉。唯一有可能掣肘的只有矿工。然而,矿工是一个极其松散的利益团体。当以太坊开发团队在今年夏天公布合并时间后,以太坊的全网算力在 6 月中下旬经历了一次大幅下降。你不能将这一现象完全归咎于熊市,因为同时期比特币的算力并没有下降很多,反之 ETC 的算力在急剧上升,因此这只能证明矿工已经投降了。这并非是贬低矿工的意思,而恰恰是证明了 PoW 的伟大之处——它可以利用矿工的私心分散权力,使其各自为战,最终实现去中心化。事实也的确如此,当矿工们宣称要团结起来击败 ETH PoS 的时候,他们首先做的不是“攘外”,而是“安内”。于是我们看到了各种 ETH PoW,而各自的领军人物诸如孙宇晨或宝二爷等都不具有很强的号召力,甚至在社区中口碑具有较大争议。

Trending Cryptos

Related Reads

The Full Story of How Crypto Unicorn Blockstream Is Mired in Serious Fraud Allegations

This article details serious allegations of fraud against Bitcoin infrastructure company Blockstream, founded by Bitcoin pioneer Adam Back. In June 2024, investigative account NatInfoSec published a report accusing Blockstream's mining note (BMN) program of potentially operating a multi-billion dollar scheme with Ponzi-like characteristics. The core allegations focus on Blockstream Mining Notes (BMNs), which offer investors fixed annual yields up to approximately 20% from Bitcoin mining. NatInfoSec's investigation raises several key issues: 1. **Suspicious Hashrate & Payout Capacity**: The analysis suggests Blockstream would need 20-45 EH/s of mining power to cover its BMN obligations, but its public dashboard shows only around 15 EH/s. Furthermore, no verifiable public evidence (e.g., grid connection records, import data) was found to support the massive mining operation required. 2. **Questionable Payout Source**: The BMN contract allows Blockstream to use Bitcoin from *any source* (Substitute Performance BTC) to fulfill investor payouts, raising concerns that payouts may not come from actual mining revenue. 3. **High-Risk, Fixed Returns**: Offering ~20% fixed yields in the volatile, cyclical Bitcoin mining industry is viewed as highly unusual and requires clear explanation. 4. **Undisclosed Criminal Record of Key Figure**: Christopher William Cook, a key figure in Blockstream's mining operations and CEO of spin-off Exacore, was found to have a federal felony conviction for mail fraud in 2008, a fact not disclosed in BMN offering documents. His background was also allegedly embellished. 5. **Potential Contagion to BSTR SPAC**: Questions were raised about whether these liabilities and Cook's record should have been disclosed in the SEC filings for Bitcoin Standard Treasury Company (BSTR), a separate Adam Back-associated firm planning a SPAC merger. The crypto community is divided. BitMEX Research validated Cook's criminal record and expressed concern over the high yields but found other evidence lacking or misleading, noting the legal separation between BMN, Blockstream, and BSTR. Blockstream defenders, like Samson Mow, argue the mining is real. Critics, however, emphasize the lack of independent, verifiable proof of the mining operation's scale and the true source of investor payouts. The article concludes that BMN remains shrouded in key unanswered questions regarding its actual size, the verifiability of its underlying mining assets and payouts, the source of its high yields, and the full role and disclosure concerning Chris Cook. Blockstream had not issued a comprehensive response at the time of writing.

marsbit6h ago

The Full Story of How Crypto Unicorn Blockstream Is Mired in Serious Fraud Allegations

marsbit6h ago

Trading

Spot
Futures

Hot Articles

What is USDC(WORMHOLE)

USD Coin (Wormhole): A Comprehensive Overview Introduction In the rapidly evolving world of cryptocurrencies, USD Coin (Wormhole), referred to as $USDC(Wormhole), stands out as a pioneering solution within the DeFi (Decentralized Finance) landscape. Operating on several blockchain platforms, including Solana, USD Coin (Wormhole) is more than just a digital representation of the United States dollar. It embodies the innovative spirit of modern finance, enabling seamless cross-chain transactions and enhanced interoperability among diverse blockchain ecosystems through the advanced Wormhole protocol. What is USD Coin (Wormhole)? USD Coin (Wormhole) is a tokenized version of the US dollar designed to facilitate frictionless transactions across different blockchain networks. Its primary aim is to bolster liquidity and enhance the functionality of the DeFi ecosystem. By leveraging the Wormhole protocol, which establishes a robust cross-chain communication network, users can effortlessly transfer USDC tokens across various platforms. This cross-chain capability marks a significant advancement in cryptocurrency use, promoting a more interconnected and efficient ecosystem where assets can flow freely between different blockchains. The value proposition of USD Coin (Wormhole) lies not only in its stability, being pegged to the US dollar, but also in its ability to bridge gaps between disparate blockchain environments. This innovative approach fosters a greater level of participation among users and developers, paving the way for new and exciting applications within decentralized finance. Who is the creator of USD Coin (Wormhole)? The origins of USD Coin (Wormhole) are intricately tied to the Wormhole network, which was developed by Jump Crypto. While specific individual creators are not prominently documented, Jump Crypto is notable for its involvement in advancing blockchain technology and supporting its applications in finance. By creating the Wormhole network, Jump Crypto has played a vital role in promoting cross-chain asset transfers, enhancing the efficiency and diversity of cryptocurrency usage. Who are the investors of USD Coin (Wormhole)? The success of USD Coin (Wormhole) is supported by investments from several notable funds and organizations within the cryptocurrency realm. Key investors include: Coinbase Ventures: A prominent venture capital arm backed by one of the leading cryptocurrency exchanges in the industry, Coinbase Ventures provides essential capital and strategic support to promising blockchain projects. Arrington XRP Capital: Specializing in digital assets, Arrington XRP Capital recognizes the potential of innovative projects like USD Coin (Wormhole) and has invested accordingly to back its development. Jump Trading: As the parent organization of Jump Crypto, Jump Trading brings not only investment but a wealth of expertise in trading technology and market dynamics to bolster the Wormhole project. How Does USD Coin (Wormhole) Work? The operational framework of USD Coin (Wormhole) is intricately designed to facilitate effective cross-chain transactions, maximizing security and efficiency. Here’s a simplified overview of how it functions: Asset Locking: When a user wishes to transfer USDC from one blockchain to another, they first lock their tokens on the source blockchain. This process ensures that the assets are secure and are set to be either burned or moved later. Token Minting: After the tokens are locked, an equivalent amount of USDC is minted on the destination blockchain. This provides the user with access to their funds on a new platform, reflecting the flexibility that the Wormhole protocol enables. Cross-Chain Transfer: The Wormhole protocol efficiently facilitates the entire transfer process. It ensures that once the USDC is minted on the destination chain, the equivalent tokens are burned on the source chain. The result is a seamless transfer of value between two distinct blockchain environments. This cross-chain methodology ensures that transactions remain secure and transparent, significantly enhancing liquidity within the different DeFi ecosystems. Timeline of USD Coin (Wormhole) Understanding the evolution of USD Coin (Wormhole) provides vital context for its significance in the cryptocurrency arena. Here’s a timeline highlighting important milestones in the project’s history: 2021: The Wormhole project is launched, establishing a framework for cross-chain asset transfers and setting the stage for the development of USD Coin (Wormhole). 2022: The Wormhole network experiences a significant challenge with a security breach that results in a $325 million theft. However, the incident is later addressed and refunded by Jump Crypto, showcasing the project’s commitment to security and transparency. 2023: USD Coin (Wormhole) integrates with Circle’s Cross-Chain Transfer Protocol (CCTP), enhancing its capabilities for cross-chain transfers and further solidifying its place within the DeFi ecosystem. 2024: Ongoing development and expansion of the Wormhole network continue, aimed at increasing the utility and reach of USD Coin (Wormhole) as well as enhancing its operational framework. Key Features The success of USD Coin (Wormhole) can be attributed to several key features that differentiate it from other cryptocurrency offerings: Cross-Chain Interoperability At the core of USD Coin (Wormhole) is its ability to facilitate seamless transfers across multiple blockchain networks. This interoperability serves as a cornerstone for decentralized finance, allowing various platforms to interact with each other, thereby accelerating the evolution of financial services. Security Wormhole employs a well-designed Guardian Network comprised of node validators that ensure secure cross-chain transactions. This collective oversight minimizes the risk of fraud and provides users with confidence that their assets are protected during cross-chain transfers. Liquidity Enhancement By enabling USDC to circulate freely across different blockchains, USD Coin (Wormhole) enhances liquidity in the DeFi ecosystem. This increased liquidity can foster more efficient trading, contribute to better pricing strategies, and improve the overall market dynamics encompassing various digital assets. Conclusion USD Coin (Wormhole) is a pivotal innovation in the blockchain space, reinforcing the capabilities of decentralized finance (DeFi) and establishing a more connected financial ecosystem. With its robust framework for cross-chain transactions, security features, and strong backing from reputable investors, USD Coin (Wormhole) is positioned to play a key role in the future of cryptocurrency. As the digital finance landscape continues to evolve, USD Coin (Wormhole) not only embraces the future of interconnectivity among blockchain networks but also reaffirms the power of tokenization and blockchain technology in transforming how we perceive and utilize value in a digital world. By navigating the complexities of cross-chain functionality, it demonstrates a sophisticated approach to enabling financial inclusivity and innovation in the world of cryptocurrencies.

1.2k Total ViewsPublished 2024.04.01Updated 2024.12.03

What is USDC(WORMHOLE)

What is $USDC

Classic USDC: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction to Classic USDC In the rapidly evolving landscape of the cryptocurrency market, stablecoins have emerged as critical components, particularly in providing stability amid the volatility that characterizes digital assets. One such project is Classic USDC, a digital currency initiative that aims to deliver a stable and reliable medium of exchange. By maintaining a 1:1 peg with the US dollar, Classic USDC strives to offer users a dependable digital asset, equipped for various applications within the web3 and cryptocurrency ecosystems. What is Classic USDC? Classic USDC is fundamentally a stablecoin, which is a type of cryptocurrency designed to minimize the price volatility typically seen in the digital asset market. Specifically, Classic USDC aspires to represent the value of the US dollar closely, ensuring that users can leverage this digital currency for transactions, savings, and other financial activities without the fear of sudden price fluctuations that can otherwise plague many cryptocurrencies. The primary aim of Classic USDC is to provide a reliable and trustworthy digital equivalent of the US dollar, designed for seamless integration into a wide range of web3 applications, decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms, and other crypto-related financial systems. By delivering a stable digital currency, Classic USDC seeks to facilitate everyday commerce, make blockchain technology more user-friendly, and encourage the adoption of cryptocurrencies for mainstream usage. Creator of Classic USDC The identity of the creator or the development team behind Classic USDC remains largely unknown, and the lack of transparency has led to a degree of uncertainty regarding the project’s origins. While many cryptocurrency initiatives prominently showcase their founders and development teams, Classic USDC does not provide clear information about its creators, which poses challenges for potential users or investors weighing the project's credibility and reliability. Investors of Classic USDC Alongside the ambiguity surrounding its creators, Classic USDC also lacks specificity with regards to its investors. The financial backing of a project can often lend it credibility and stabilize its operations; however, the absence of documented investment foundations or organizations supporting Classic USDC raises questions about its funding structure. This lack of clarity could potentially hinder stakeholder confidence in the project. How Does Classic USDC Work? The operational mechanics of Classic USDC rely heavily on its reserve system, which is fundamental to the underpinnings of any stablecoin. Classic USDC undertakes to maintain a reserve of assets that directly correspond to the value of the digital currency in circulation. Specifically, for every Classic USDC token issued, an equivalent amount of backing assets is retained in reserve, whether in cash or near-cash equivalents. This strategy is designed to uphold the value of Classic USDC, offering reassurance to users that redeeming their tokens for US dollars is feasible at any time. This reserve structure aims to enhance the stability and reliability of Classic USDC, positioning it as a secure alternative in the cryptocurrency market. By ensuring that the value of Classic USDC is consistently correlated with the US dollar, the project aspires to engender trust among users who may be wary of the broader market dynamics. Timeline of Classic USDC The history of Classic USDC is marked by several key milestones that reflect its journey and evolution within the cryptocurrency ecosystem: 2021: The inception of Classic USDC is noted, introducing a new digital currency option designed for stability. During this year, the first records of the token’s activity surfaced and its initial price levels were established. 2024: Classic USDC begins to experience notable price fluctuations, as the crypto market overall grapples with various trends and user sentiment. Predictions regarding its future potential emerge, indicating a strong interest from market observers and analysts who foresee growth opportunities. Future Projections Experts speculate that Classic USDC may reach higher levels of adoption and stability in the years to come, with potential further developments anticipated around 2025 and 2026. However, these projections should be approached with cautious optimism, as the cryptocurrency market is inherently unpredictable, and various external factors may influence the trajectory of Classic USDC. Key Points About Classic USDC Stability: Classic USDC’s core proposition revolves around providing a digital currency that parallels the value of the US dollar, thereby ensuring stability in an often volatile marketplace. Reserve System: The project’s commitment to maintaining a reserve of assets to back its value underscores its reliability and operational soundness. Web3 and Crypto Integration: Classic USDC is engineered to facilitate easy integration within various applications, aiming to enhance the user experience and broaden the acceptance of cryptocurrency in everyday transactions. Future Growth Potential: While still emerging, Classic USDC holds prospective avenues for growth as awareness and utilization of stablecoins increases in the web3 and crypto contexts. Conclusion Classic USDC presents itself as a notable stablecoin initiative within the cryptocurrency sphere, striving to provide users with a reliable digital currency that embodies the stability of the US dollar. Despite uncertainties regarding its creators and financial backing, the underpinning principles of Classic USDC—centered on reserve-backed assurances—endeavour to position it as a trustworthy option for individuals and businesses navigating the digital economy. With an eye towards the future, market analysts are keen to observe how Classic USDC evolves in response to the shifting dynamics of the cryptocurrency landscape, potentially establishing itself as a significant player in the realm of stablecoins.

641 Total ViewsPublished 2024.05.01Updated 2024.12.03

What is $USDC

Discussions

Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of USDC (USDC) are presented below.

活动图片