伊朗危机冲击全球市场:欧美股市齐跌,黄金逼近5400关口

华尔街见闻Published on 2026-03-02Last updated on 2026-08-22

Abstract

本轮市场动荡的核心在于对全球原油供应的冲击。避险需求带动日本国债全线攀升,30年期收益率下跌6个基点。布伦特原油价格盘初最高飙升13%,目前涨幅显著回落,表现较预期温和,霍尔木兹海峡实际关闭的消息令全球原油市场陷入剧烈震荡。据测算 ,一旦霍尔木兹海峡持续封锁,油价可能冲至每桶108美元。

全球股市周一大幅下挫,国际油价创四年来最大单日涨幅,避险资产全面走强,中东局势急剧升温正在将新一轮不确定性注入本已脆弱的全球金融市场。

亚洲股指下跌1.4%,巴基斯坦股市下跌9.6%,触发暂停交易。欧元区斯托克50指数期货跌幅扩大至2.2%,美国股指期货跌0.7%。布伦特原油盘中一度飙升逾13%,后收窄至每桶77.51美元,涨幅约6.4%,创2022年3月以来最大单日涨幅。黄金上涨1.4%至每盎司约5350美元,美元小幅走强0.2%。避险需求带动日本国债全线攀升,30年期收益率下跌6个基点。

此次地缘冲击叠加人工智能前景不确定性及私人信贷市场裂痕等既有风险,正在考验全球资产估值的支撑基础。上月,美股已录得4月以来最大单月跌幅。

核心市场走势:

受中东冲突影响,欧股期货大跌。欧洲斯托克50指数期货跌超2%,德国DAX30指数期货跌超2%,法国CAC40指数期货跌近2%,英国富时100指数期货跌近1%。

卡塔尔基准指数早盘下跌 2.2%。

巴基斯坦股市下跌9.6%,触发暂停交易。

印度NIFTY 50指数收复部分跌幅,现跌1%。

截至早盘收盘,日经225指数跌1.5%,东证指数跌1.6%。

标普500指数期货下跌0.78%,道指期货跌0.73%,纳指100期货跌0.73%;

澳大利亚标普/ASX 200 下跌0.4%;MSCI亚太指数下跌1.1%;

彭博美元现货指数基本持平;欧元下跌0.3%,至1.1781美元;日元下跌0.2%,至每美元156.35日元;

避险需求推动日本主权债务价格上涨,30年期日本国债收益率下跌6个基点至3.275%。10年期日本国债收益率下降5个基点至2.06%,20年期国债收益率下降4.5个基点至2.88%,5年期国债收益率下降4.5个基点至1.53%。

澳大利亚10年期国债收益率下降4个基点,至4.61%;

国际油价短线拉升,WTI原油日内涨幅达9%,报73.07美元/桶;布伦特原油涨超9%,报79.55美元/桶。报道称沙特阿拉伯RAS TANURA炼油厂遭无人机袭击后关闭。

现货黄金上涨2%,至每盎司5388.23美元;现货白银目前涨1.5%,至每盎司95.23美元;

比特币上涨 0.2%,至65,831.73美元;以太坊上涨 0.4%,至1,937.81美元

巴基斯坦股市触发熔断

巴基斯坦资本市场受到尤为严重的冲击。KSE-30指数早盘暴跌9.6%,触发巴基斯坦证券交易所熔断机制,交易中止一小时。Arif Habib经纪公司国际股票销售主管Bilal Khan指出,"中东整体局势以及国内支持伊朗的抗议活动共同重创了市场",同时预计随着弱势资金基本出清,当日晚些时候或有买盘回补。

BMA Capital Management国际股票交易主管Ali Raza称,经纪商对杠杆零售账户实施强制平仓,进一步加剧了抛售。

印度股市同样面临压力。Nifty 50指数期货早盘跌幅一度达1.7%,主要指数下跌约1.2%,卢比兑美元也承压走软。

由于印度约90%的石油依赖进口,油价上涨对其经济影响尤为直接。航空、涂料、轮胎、特种化工及石油营销类股预计将面临明显抛压;防务和黄金相关股票则可能获得资金流入。印度市场周二将因排灯节假期休市。

霍尔木兹海峡:"最坏情形"已然成真

油价暴涨的核心在于霍尔木兹海峡。数字信号显示,该海峡的油轮通行量已近乎停滞,波斯湾入海口附近有三艘船只遭到袭击。全球约五分之一的石油供应经由该航道流通,其战略地位不可替代。

期货交易启动之初,油价一度飙升逾13%,但随即遭遇获利了结,涨幅迅速收窄至约4.5%左右。黄金与白银同步走高,涨幅均超过1%,但鉴于近期大宗商品市场的整体波动幅度,这一数字显得相对温和。美元早盘走强,但强势势头亦在边际上有所减退,尽管美元仍是目前外汇市场最清晰的主题方向。

据彭博经济研究分析,若霍尔木兹海峡持续封锁,油价可能进一步跳涨至每桶108美元。BNP Paribas策略师Jason Lui表示,交易员正密切关注大宗商品市场,以研判冲突持续时长。

油价的持续上涨将进一步复杂化美联储的货币政策路径。周五发布的美国生产者价格指数已高于预期;若能源成本进一步推升通胀,则此前已因避险情绪下行的国债收益率将面临反向压力。

多重压力叠加,股市承压加剧

周一亚洲股市创一个月来最大跌幅。此前该地区股市从去年12月至今年2月持续上涨,表现优于美欧基准指数。然而,地缘风险在此时骤然升级,令市场脆弱性充分暴露。

日本Topix银行指数一度重挫6.3%,创4月以来最大跌幅,拖累来自信贷市场的担忧情绪——市场对私人信贷领域"蟑螂效应"的警惕正在蔓延,私人信贷是科技公司的重要融资来源。

美股期货目前跌幅均为0.7%左右,已较开盘最低点明显收复。分析师Mark Cudmore指出,多数非能源类资产的波动幅度相对可控,且普遍从开盘极值回撤。

此次地缘冲突并非在风平浪静时发生。SLC Management董事总经理Dec Mullarkey表示:

"这一切发生在一个脆弱的时间节点,投资者正变得越来越谨慎。美国股市对科技颠覆威胁和信贷压力已高度敏感,大宗商品价格上涨的前景可能迫使投资者进一步收缩风险敞口,引发抛售。"

Janus Henderson全球多资产主管Adam Hetts在研究报告中写道:

"美国主导的对伊朗打击行动推升了油价,并重燃了地缘政治风险。我们的判断是:市场目前定价的是一场有限冲突,除非局势演变为持久对峙,否则对更广泛投资的影响仍在可控范围之内。正如以往,在不确定性达到峰值时,分散化配置和长期视野最为重要。"

值得注意的是,市场曾多次对地缘政治紧张事件反应平淡——去年6月美国对伊朗核设施实施打击时,股市几乎未受影响。但巴克莱全球研究主席Ajay Rajadhyaksha警告称,本轮冲突规模及其对全球经济的潜在影响远比此前更大,投资者不应急于逢低买入。

"风险回报比并不吸引人,如果股市回调幅度足够大——比如标普500跌超10%——届时或许会出现买入时机,但现在还不是时候。"

国债前景存在两难,市场方向待明朗

地缘冲突还令美国国债的走势陷入矛盾局面。

避险情绪升温理论上将推动资金涌入国债、压低收益率;但油价持续上涨若传导至更广泛的通胀预期,则将对收益率形成上行压力——两股力量方向相反,使国债的投资逻辑趋于复杂。

彭博宏观策略师Michael Ball指出:"周末事件发生后,市场的本能反应将是规避风险,在冲突规模和持续时间进一步明朗之前,逢低买入的意愿可能相对低迷。"

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