进击的 MM 1:做市商库存报价系统

深潮Published on 2025-12-28Last updated on 2025-12-28

Abstract

作者Dave通过本文解释了为什么散户买入山寨币后价格常会反向变动,这并非庄家主观操纵,而是做市商(MM)基于库存风险管理的自动报价机制所致。 做市商通过Avellaneda–Stoikov模型进行库存报价,其核心机制包括: 1. **报价偏移(Quote Skew)**:当散户大量买入导致做市商库存偏空时,做市商会调低报价以吸引卖盘、阻止继续被买入,并保护空头头寸。 2. **价差扩大(Spread Widening)**:库存进一步恶化时,做市商会扩大买卖价差,降低成交概率并通过价差利润对冲风险。 报价基于“保留价格(Reservation Price)= 中间价 - γ·库存量”调整,库存变化引发报价变动。做市商的目标是最大化价差收益,同时控制库存风险和逆向选择风险。 散户易受价格反向变动影响,主要是因为: - 多为集中大单 - 交易不隐蔽、不对冲 - 小币种流动性差,订单影响更显著 文末建议:可采用分批建仓策略(如先小量买入引导报价下跌,再逐步加仓)以降低平均成本。下文将继续探讨有毒订单流和订单簿机制。

作者:Dave

大家有没有经历过这样一种情况,有些山寨币在你买入过后,短时间内价格老是朝着反方向走,好像是狗庄针对你一样?这是为什么,难度真是狗庄的阴谋?

本篇帖子将为大家介绍做市商的报价系统,揭开“狗庄”阴谋的神秘面纱。先说结论:价格常常逆着我们走,并不是主观操纵,而是 Avellaneda–Stoikov 模型下的 Inventory-based pricing quote skew(报价倾斜),和处理 toxic flow(有毒订单流) 的保护机制。具体怎讲呢?once upon a time...

首先我们来理解库存的概念。大家都知道做市商不是方向性投资者,在严谨的对冲下,现货的价格变化对总 pnl 应该不产生影响,这个时候持有库存是一种“被动”行为,库存变化导致头寸扩大,持有的头寸越多,你对价格反向变动的风险敞口就越大。此时,散户的买卖单导致库存变化,做市商就会对这种库存变化带来的风险做出反应。

用一句话说就是你打破了人家的平衡,mm 就要想办法保护自己,尽力回到平衡。保护自己的手段就是报价系统。

1.报价偏移(Quote Skew)

当 MM 被你 大量买入,等价于:MM 大量卖出,库存变成空头暴露。这个时候 mm 希望干什么呢:(1) 尽快补上库存。(2)保护暴露的空头 position

那么 MM 的反应是:下调价格,吸引卖盘,阻止继续被买,同时保证自己净空头暂时处于未亏损状态,有时间进行对冲。

2.调整报价宽度(Spread Widening)

当库存继续恶化,MM 不只偏移价格,还会扩大 spread,减少成交概率。

他们的目的是降低单位时间内的成交风险,同时通过 spread 利润,赚到更多来保护价位损失。

在写文章的时候,每多一个数学公式,会减少 10% 的读者,但是 in case 有小伙伴想看点干的,我简单介绍一下报价的形成(也是上面报价变化的数学机理)

我们和做市商成交的价格叫 Reservation Price,他来源于 Inventory-based pricing 模型:

Reservation Price=Mid price − γ⋅q

q:当前库存

gamma γ:风险厌恶系数

实际上 Reservation Price 长下面这样,但我不想恶心大家,所以只给你们看一眼就行了

当散户大量买卖,q 发生大量变化,于是报价 Reservation Price 发生大量变化。而具体变多少来源于 Avellaneda–Stoikov 模型,大家可以猜到,由于买卖导致库存发生小变化,小变化,所以这个模型是个偏微分方程。你猜怎么着?我也没兴趣推这个方程,所以我们只需要知道核心结论:

最优报价围绕 Reservation Price 对称展开。库存必然均值回归到 0。最优点差随风险变宽。

上面这段看不懂也没关系,只需要大概了解散户买入后价格常常逆着看多的方向,本质上是我们的流量改变了市场的风险定价。散户常常遭到这种情况的原因是:

• 散户几乎总是 主动单

• 尺寸集中、节奏不隐蔽

• 没有对冲

• 不分时、不拆单

而在小山寨里,这种情况就更严重了,因为山寨币流动性很差,往往你的订单就是前后 5 分钟少数的主动订单,在大品种当中可能会出现自然对冲,但小币里,你就是狗庄对手盘。

所以专业 mm 不是想把你打爆,而是maxE[Spread Capture]−Inventory Risk−Adverse Selection ,实际上他们的目标函数长这样,库存风险被指数型惩罚

能看到这里的读者一定是有成为狗庄梦想的韭菜了,所以为了激励勇敢者,最后分享一个利用报价机制的小妙招。我们说散户常常尺寸集中、节奏不隐蔽,那么把他反过来就可以了。假设 Dave 想多单 1000u,那么与其一下梭哈,利用狗庄的做法是先买 100u, 报价系统会下调价格,这个时候我就可以更便宜的价位去建仓,那么我再买 100U,价格会继续下跌,那么我的平均持仓成本就会比一次性梭哈便宜很多。

散户水逆的故事到这里只讲了一半,除了库存管理报价因素之外,mm 对订单流的处理,是造成价格背离的另一个要素,也就是开篇提到的有毒订单流。下一篇我将为大家介绍做市商的订单薄和订单流,同时我也来意淫一下 1011 惨案的微观市场原因。

预知后事如何,且听下回分解。

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Related Questions

Q什么是做市商的库存报价系统?

A做市商的库存报价系统是基于Avellaneda–Stoikov模型的Inventory-based pricing quote skew机制,它根据当前库存和风险厌恶系数调整报价,以管理库存风险和对冲市场波动。

Q为什么散户买入后价格常常逆着走?

A散户的集中买入导致做市商库存变为空头暴露,做市商会下调价格吸引卖盘并阻止继续被买,同时扩大报价宽度以减少成交风险,从而造成价格逆着散户预期的方向变动。

Q报价偏移(Quote Skew)是什么?

A报价偏移是做市商在库存发生变化时调整报价的行为。例如,当散户大量买入导致做市商库存空头暴露时,做市商会下调价格以吸引卖盘并保护自身头寸。

Q如何利用报价机制优化建仓策略?

A可以通过分散下单和隐蔽节奏来利用报价机制。例如,将大单拆分成多个小单逐步买入,每次买入后做市商会下调报价,从而在更便宜的价位建仓,降低平均成本。

Q什么是有毒订单流(Toxic Flow)?

A有毒订单流是指那些可能导致做市商遭受损失的订单流,通常由散户的主动单、集中尺寸和不隐蔽的节奏引起,做市商会通过调整报价和扩大点差来保护自己免受其影响。

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