黑暗丛林般的加密领域走向主流时需要制定哪些市场规则?

深潮Published on 2025-09-02Last updated on 2025-09-03

加密领域不仅仅是金融:它也是一个网络基础设施平台。

撰文:Scott Duke Kominers,a16z

编译:AididiaoJP,Foresight News

随着美国政府开始认可区块链技术,现在的问题变成了如何更好地利用它。有些人可能希望推动无监管的自由放任,但这将是一个错误。历史以及经济理论表明,繁荣的市场需要清晰、一致的规则,加密领域也不例外。

在某些方面,对中心化权威的抵抗是加密领域与生俱来的特性。比特币的匿名创造者中本聪设计了这个协议来绕过金融中介,设想了一种不受政府或机构控制的货币。许多早期采用者共享一种激进个人主义的精神,让人联想到自由奔放的「赛博计算机俱乐部」、开源软件运动以及早期的密码学倡导者。

但加密领域的潜力只有在被广泛接受并融入普通商业中才能实现。而为了让企业家和消费者接受加密领域,他们必须对清晰的规则有信心,这些规则既能防止欺诈,又能确保公平的访问。没有这种信心,人们会犹豫进入市场,更不用说将加密技术用于日常交易了。

与一些人的看法相反,「自由市场」并不是无监管的自由放任,它是一个结构化的系统,个人可以在其中进行自愿交换,并合理期望公平和安全。没有基本保护,市场就会崩溃。没有保障措施,不确定性将吓跑大量的投资者和合法企业,只留下投机和不良行为者。

我们需要加密领域成为通用计算机,而不是赌场。

加密领域需要什么样的规则?

从斯密到哈耶克、弗里德曼、德索托等经济学家早就认识到政府在建立市场制度方面发挥着至关重要的作用,这些制度使市场能够繁荣发展。

斯密认为,产权使个人能够「确保自己劳动的果实」,而政府的角色是「可容忍的司法管理」以保障这些权利。就哈耶克而言,他认为政府的角色是维持法治,同时避免反复无常。弗里德曼承认政府的作用包括执行合同和保护公民免受针对自身或财产的犯罪。而德索托指出,缺乏明确的规则和产权会导致「资本固化」。

美国证券交易委员会新任主席保罗·阿特金斯在最近的讲话中呼应了这些观点,他指出:「监管机构应提供最低有效范围的监管,以保护投资者,同时让企业家和企业蓬勃发展。」

管理加密领域的规则就像管理所有市场的规则一样,应旨在实现四个关键目标:

第一,可预测性和稳定性。一个功能正常的市场需要清晰、可执行的规则。企业家需要知道他们的业务将如何受到监管。投资者需要确信规则不会任意改变。消费者需要相信他们的交易是安全的。

第二,保护产权。安全的所有权是任何市场的基础。加密领域通过区块链技术在编码所有权方面表现出色,但法律框架必须加强和补充这些保护。

第三,透明度和信息清晰度。高效的市场依赖于可靠的信息。买家需要了解他们购买的是什么,无论是数字资产、去中心化金融产品还是 NFT。法规应促进披露,帮助消费者和投资者做出明智的决定,同时防止欺诈计划。

最后,公平竞争。规则应防止垄断行为、市场操纵和欺诈。没有监督和量身定制的护栏,市场可能成为不良行为者的游乐场,他们利用信息不对称、欺骗投资者或人为抬高资产价格。任何监管框架都需要与现有规则一致,以免无意中为既定保护创造新的变通办法。

这四个特征对市场功能至关重要:稳定性和可预测性有助于人们进行交易;而清晰的产权是这些交易发生的必要条件。然后透明度和开放竞争有助于确保人们选择参与的交易推动市场朝着更具生产性和社会价值的结果发展。

未来之路

加密领域并不是一个拥有良好监管制度的行业,但它终于走上了这条道路。加密初创公司多年来一直在一个模糊且往往充满敌意的监管环境。因此尽管区块链技术为产权提供了强大的内部保护,但周围的监管环境却远不支持健康的市场。

例如美国证券交易委员会(SEC)直到最近还在没有首先建立明确法律标准的情况下,以涉嫌违规为由追究加密公司的责任。企业家只能猜测哪些规则适用,结果却在事后面临诉讼。这造成了不确定性,扼杀了创新,同时允许不良行为者在由此产生的灰色地带中运作。

此外,许多加密法规是为传统金融体系建立的,将基于区块链的资产视为仅仅是传统证券或商品的新形式。但加密领域不仅仅是金融:它也是一个网络基础设施平台。有效的监管必须认识到这两个维度,确保金融监督不会扼杀技术发展。

加密领域有潜力彻底改变从个人身份验证到活动管理和全球支付的一切组织逻辑。但实现这一潜力需要法律和监管护栏,比如代币分类法,为数字商品提供法律定义;评估去中心化和去中介化的标准;消费者保护;税收指南;以及一个框架,让合法的基于区块链的企业可以在不担心任意起诉的情况下运营。

这些都不是激进或前所未有的。使市场运作的原则例如稳定性、产权、透明度和公平竞争早已被理解。但它们尚未一致地应用于加密领域。这必须改变,而且行业必须欢迎它。

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