新证据:破解 MSTR 的庞氏结构

深潮Published on 2025-08-26Last updated on 2025-08-27

对投机者而言:追逐的是涨幅更大,而不是谁持有更多比特币。

撰文:司马聪 AI 频道

金融领域没有任何策略是万无一失的。

微策略的失败路径,并不需要比特币价格大幅下跌,而且,微策略甚至不担心比特币价格下跌。

对投机者而言:追逐的是涨幅更大,而不是谁持有更多比特币。

我们要明确一个被广泛忽视的事实:投资者交易的真正的标的是微策略的股票,而微策略的塞勒持之以恒的通过社交媒体平台宣称比特币是应许之地的目的并非出自信仰,而是巧妙地利用了概念对等和偷换的技巧,将投资者的预期由股价转移到比特币的未来上,而微策略的融资供应方对此非常清醒却心照不宣,无论是可转债还是优先股亦或普通股,都会回归一个基本事实:股价需要下一棒接盘者。

在信息过载、信仰稀缺的时代,资本不再仅仅追逐利润,而是追逐「叙事的可证券化程度」。

同时,我将系统阐述,为什么微策略一直在比特币价格高点买入。

前言

近日,有关微策略的模式可能要运转停摆的讨论出现在社交媒体平台上,而且是大范围的既视感,起因是微策略的 mNAV 指标不断缩水,股价下跌,引发其融资遇阻,进而可能停摆的讨论。

首当其冲的是其股价的不断下滑,其股价并没有跟随着其买比特币而上涨,相较于 7 月份的阶段性高点,已经大幅下跌 20% 以上。

而同期比特币价格并未大幅下跌。

在 2025 年第二季度的财报电话会议上,公司承诺不在 mNAV 低于 2.5 倍的情况下发行新普通股,除非出于特定义务。许多人认为,这一承诺旨在保护股东免受过度稀释。

但反转极其迅速。

2025 年 8 月 18 日,观察人士坚称该公司突然放弃了这一保护措施。其新政策允许在 mNAV 低于 2.5 倍的情况下发行股票,「如果管理层认为这有利」。这一公告引发了投资者的强烈愤怒,他们认为这一举动是一个诱饵和转换,显著增加了稀释风险,尤其是在 mNAV 最近报告接近 1.68 倍的情况下。

8 月 20 日,Strategy(MSTR)宣布下调股票增发门槛,以便为比特币购入筹集更多资金。

今年提起的集体诉讼指控该公司对其比特币战略和财务状况做出了误导性陈述。在去年年底,投资分析师迈克尔·莱博维茨等批评者指责战略公司通过使用乐观的比特币言辞来「掠夺投资者」,以此来提高其股票波动性并实现更便宜的融资。

至于为何放弃彷佛就在昨天的承诺,原因可能是整个市场对微策略的的优先股需求有限。

先看看微策略的财务情况

微策略 mNAV 从 2024 年 11 月的 3.89 倍降至 2025 年 8 月的 1.56 倍,已大幅收敛。

我们再来看看它的财务数据:

以 2024 年数据为例:

  • EBITDA:-18.5 亿美元(极大亏损,反映主营业务压力和比特币剧烈波动)

  • 含杠杆自由现金流:-6,651 万美元(公司实际流出的现金,利息与投资支出后「现金赤字」)

这说明即使 EBITDA 为负,公司还要继续支付利息和资本支出,现金流压力进一步加大,风险较高。

EBITDA:展现的是公司「主营业务的纯粹盈利」,未扣除任何资本性支出、利息和税费。含杠杆自由现金流:是真正「进股东口袋」的钱。扣除了:营业税费、资本性支出(如购买设备、研发投入)、所有债务利息支出。

对其进行估值

接下来我们使用最新数据,用两种方法对其进行估值。

SOTP

隐含的比特币股权价值

SaaS/ 软件公司的 EV/REV 倍数,低速增长的传统软件:2–6 倍。MSTR 的软件业务几乎零增长,按 3 倍估值。

结论:

  • MSTR 的 隐含比特币价值 (941 亿 ) 明显高于实际 BTC 市值 (713 亿 );

  • 如果核心业务(软件)价值为 0,则溢价 34%;

  • 隐含 BTC EV = 1,085 亿、对比实际 BTC 市值 713 亿 → 溢价 52%;

  • MSTR 股价 256.4 才能抹平溢价,需要继续下跌 24%(336.57);

  • 假设数量不变,比特币需要涨到 15 万才能抹平溢价,(8-20 是 113335),需要上涨 32.35% ;

  • 假设微策略就此不在购买任何比特币,数量以及股价保持不变,比特币价格即使跌到 7 万,依然有 112% 的溢价;

  • 但如果还是数量不变,比特币价格保持在 12 万,微策略股价如果跌到 200 美金,就是负溢价;

一个不容忽视的现象

截至 2025 年 5 月,共有 199 家实体合计持有 301 万枚 BTC(约合 3150 亿美元),且这一数字仍在快速增长。

根据 Bitcointreasuries.net 数据,目前有 199 家实体共持有 301 万 BTC(3150 亿美元)。其中,147 家私人和上市公司持有 110 万 BTC(1150 亿美元)。

最近,一波公司宣布了新的比特币财资策略。这些公司包括多元化资产负债表的企业和专门从事比特币财资的公司,涵盖了不同国家和行业。

截至 2025 年上半年,已有超过 40 家公司公开宣布将在资产负债表上采纳比特币,共筹集了数百亿美元以执行这些战略,这些公司在行业、地域、执行模式和上市路径方面各不相同。

值得注意的包括:

· Metaplanet(日本):最早一批国际参与者,利用日本的超低利率环境;

· Semler Scientific 与 GameStop(美国):其比特币财资战略引起主流媒体关注;

· Twenty One Capital:由 Tether 和 Cantor 支持的专门企业;

· Strive 与 Nakamoto:通过反向并购迅速上市。

比特币财资公司的扩张仍处于早期阶段;但这一模式已开始向其他加密资产延伸——

例如:Solana:DeFi Development Corp(市值 1 亿美元,持有超 42 万枚 SOL)、Upexi 和 Sol Strategies;以太坊:SharpLink Gaming,在 Consensys 牵头的融资中筹集了 4.25 亿美元。

一个非常具象的事实:股价大幅飙升

Metaplanet 作为「日本版微策略」,2025 年 YTD 股价涨 145.59%。

赛宽通信 (Sequans Communications) 通过债务和股权金融市场筹集了 3.84 亿美元,用于购买全球最受欢迎的代币。消息公布后,其股价飙升了 160%。但这是名不见经传的一家半导体公司。

在很大程度上,要感谢比特币布道者迈克尔•塞勒 (Michael Saylor) 的引导。自 2020 年以来,这位美国加密货币巨头几乎每周都会斥资数十亿美元购买比特币,并举办会议鼓励他人效仿。塞勒的公司 Strategy 原本是一家软件公司,如今已转型为比特币囤积者,过去五年里,该公司股价飙升了 3000% 以上。

生物技术公司、黄金矿业公司、酒店业者、电动汽车公司和电子烟制造商等,都在争相购买加密代币。

截至 8 月 5 日,大约有 154 家上市公司已经筹集或承诺筹集总计 984 亿美元用于购买加密货币。而在今年之前,仅有 10 家公司筹集了 336 亿美元。

特朗普的家族媒体公司在 7 月筹集了 20 亿美元,用于购买比特币及相关资产。

那些能够证明自己致力于持续筹集资金购买加密货币的公司,会受到投资者的青睐,投资者对这些公司的股票估值甚至高于它们所持有的比特币本身的价值。

被低估但可能触发剧烈波动的隐患

微策略的暴雷,可能并不需要比特币价格大幅下跌。

为什么投资者会在早期支付溢价,希望未来能够获得更多每股比特币的回报。是因为如果公司能够迅速购买更多比特币,股权投资者实际上就间接持有了更多每股比特币。

更多的上市公司站出来宣布这种储备策略,并由比特币扩展到其它加密货币。

而这两点,恰恰揭示出了一个被显著低估的事实:一个潜在的危机路径。

MicroStrategy 溢价收敛 → 融资困境 → 被迫动用比特币 → 信号效应扩散 → 市场连锁反应,串成了一个潜在的危机路径。

  • 起点:溢价收敛 —— MSTR 股价相对其持有 BTC 价值的溢价逐渐消失。

  • 中间环节:MSTR 受限 —— MSTR 无法再以「高溢价」融资购入更多 BTC,市场预期其买盘枯竭。

  • 直接传导:需求减弱 —— 作为大买家的 MSTR 失去加杠杆能力,BTC 的需求端缺口被放大。

  • 终点:BTC 下跌 —— 投资者预期恶化,BTC 价格出现系统性下跌。

  • 反馈回路 —— BTC 下跌 → MSTR 资产缩水 → 股价更低 → 溢价转折为折价 → 加速市场恐慌。

当市场出现其他涨幅更大的、类似的「比特币代理股」时,投机资本会自然地流向回报更高的标的。微策略作为曾经的独家代理,其稀缺性正在被其他「模仿者」和更直接的 ETF 稀释。

微策略的融资结构中包含可转债等有息负债。这些债务需要支付利息,这是刚性的支出。当通过股权融资受阻时,公司为了维持运营和债务偿付,最直接的选择就是利用其最宝贵的资产——比特币——进行抵押贷款。

如果比特币价格没有大幅上涨,或者公司无法再获得新的贷款来「以债养债」,最终将面临债务的刚性兑付或利息支付。卖出比特币将成为唯一的选项。这个环节完全可能发生。微策略的财务模型本质上是一个巨大的、单向的比特币看涨期权,如果标的物价格不涨,它最终会面临流动性危机。

无关乎数量。对于一个将「只买不卖」奉为教条,并将自己定位为比特币信仰者的公司而言,哪怕是卖出 1000 个比特币,其信号意义都远大于其财务意义。

  • 信仰崩塌:它会向市场传递一个信号——塞勒的信仰并非无条件,公司的模式并非无懈可击,他们也会在压力下屈服。

  • 模式崩塌:这会引发市场对所有「比特币代理股」和加密货币贷款模式的信任危机,因为微策略作为龙头,一旦倒下,整个模式都将受到质疑。

在「谁囤币最多谁是赢家」的游戏中,MSTR 并非不可替代——它只是一个「杠杆化的 BTC 代持者」,而这个游戏的最终赢家,不是最早的人,而是「最有钱、最能融资、最会讲故事」的人。

大家追逐的,是谁的股价涨幅更大、更具投机性。真正的竞争:不是「谁更信仰 BTC」,而是「谁更能融资、谁股价涨得更快」。

尽管塞勒宣扬的是比特币的「应许之地」,但投资者追逐的最终目的是股票的投机性涨幅。当微策略的股价涨幅落后于其他同行,甚至落后于比特币本身时,投资者就会抛弃它,因为它的投机价值已经丧失。

对投机者而言:追逐的是「股价涨幅更大、更刺激的标的」,而不是谁持有更多比特币。

这种对投机性的追逐,使得公司的命运与比特币的价格脱钩,反而与其自身的相对股价表现紧密相连。

如果囤积比特币是应许之地,那么谁更有钱就是答案。

微策略的模式缺乏任何护城河。它的核心竞争力仅仅是「率先开始」,而没有专利、技术或品牌壁垒。任何一家有足够资金的公司都可以复制这个模式:发行股票、借贷、购买比特币。

154 家上市公司已经筹集或承诺筹集总计 984 亿美元用于购买加密货币,已经充分验证了这一点。

MicroStrategy 的潜在失败点不是 BTC 的价格本身,而是 它股票模式的吸引力枯竭。当它无法再通过「股市套利」吸引资金时,这个模式就会自动停摆,甚至因为刚性支出而触发反向清算。比特币只是它的「筹码」,真正的核心在于「市场是否还愿意为它的股价溢价买单」。

  • 企业金融结构的脆弱性;

  • 市场信仰的杠杆效应;

  • 加密资产生态的非线性风险;

这正是 「黑天鹅」事件的典型前奏:一个看似局部的问题(MSTR 融资难),可能因信号效应引发全局震荡。

这甚至可能是一个必死局

这不再是关于「微策略」或「塞勒」个人信仰的问题,而是关于商业模式本身的数学和人性逻辑。

这是一场「比谁涨得快」的游戏:微策略的商业模式本质上是利用其先行者的地位,让市场为它的股票支付溢价。但随着更多玩家入场,这场游戏变成了谁的股票涨幅更快、更具吸引力。如果微策略的股票涨幅被超越,它就会失去投机客的青睐,从而失去其唯一的融资来源。

核心资产与价值来源的背离:

  • 公司的核心资产是比特币。

  • 但其价值来源却是投机性溢价。

  • 这两个来源并不直接挂钩。比特币的价格可以横盘,但如果市场有新的、更具投机性的标的出现,微策略的溢价就会被吸走。

MSTR 的「合理性」建立在「相对表现优势」上,而不是绝对价值。

投资者不会说:「BTC 涨了,MSTR 也涨了,挺好。」

他们会说:「BTC 涨了 30%,MSTR 只涨了 10%,我为什么不直接买 BTC?」

它的生死不取决于比特币价格本身,而取决于:

投机者是否继续愿意把它当成「杠杆版比特币」来炒作。

一旦市场不再相信它是「比特币应许之地」的最佳代理,就会陷入 自动停止 → 反向清算 的路径。

为什么微策略一直在比特币价格高点买入

这一直以来都是一个看起来违反常识的问题,即使塞勒一直宣称比特币是未来,但在比特币有公开市场价格的情况下,为什么要在高点买入?

答案是:微策略的模式本身,存在着天然的内在性要求,必须买在高点。

微策略的「买入」行为本身,就是其商业模式中最重要的一个环节,其目的远不止是增加比特币持仓。

对于一家高度依赖融资的公司而言,资产负债表的规模至关重要。

当微策略通过高溢价发行股票或债券获得资金后,它将这些资金转换为比特币。这使得公司的资产总额迅速扩大,放大利润表弹性(BTC 升值时确认收益,吸引投机资金),从财务报表上看,公司变得更「大」、更「有实力」。

这种规模效应,可以使其更容易获得下一轮融资,无论是来自银行的贷款(以扩大后的资产为抵押),还是来自资本市场的股票发行。在完成一轮融资后,公司已经将风险转嫁给了新进的投资者。除非比特币价格暴跌到资不抵债,否则公司在短期内是安全的。

这种「买在高点」的行为,是最有效的非语言宣传。

当散户和投资者在犹豫「现在是不是高点」时,塞勒和微策略用实际行动给出了答案:「不是」。

这是一种用行动来强化叙事的高级营销手段。它向市场传递了这样的信号:

  • 「我们有足够的信心,即使在当前的价格,也毫不犹豫地全仓买入。」

  • 「与比特币的未来价值相比,现在的价格微不足道。」

  • 「不要担心,跟着我们买就是了。」

这种高点买入的行为,就是为了吸引新的「接盘者」。它通过展示无畏的「信仰」,来消除新投资者的恐惧,从而确保资金能够持续流入。给散户传递「无需择时」的错觉,通过「自己敢高位买」来示范 → 强化信仰。

两个直接的证据

首先是塞勒一直在 X 平台不断发文报告其持有的比特币数量和总市值,其次是一直不厌其烦的宣称其实现的账面利润。

1. 资产负债表膨胀

数字资产(BTC)按公允价值计入资产:

BTC 价格上涨 → 资产价值飙升 → 总资产、股东权益上升→ 资产负债率改善(看起来更安全);

2. 利润表「美化」

若 BTC 价格上涨 → 产生「未实现收益」 → 计入「其他收入」→ 扭转软件业务的微利或亏损 → 净利润转正→ 看起来「盈利能力强」;

但请注意,这些收益是未实现的、非现金的、不可持续的,仅仅是纸面财富,但足以支撑股价和融资。

所以,这就是微策略一直在比特币价格高点买入的原因,现在,你是不是理解了,为什么塞勒敢于宣称比特币极端的未来高价。

2000 年 12 月 14 日

美国证券交易委员会(SEC)今天表示,MicroStrategy Inc.的两名高管及其前首席财务官已同意支付总计 1100 万美元,以解决与去年 3 月软件供应商财务业绩重述有关的民事会计欺诈指控。

美国证券交易委员会表示,MicroStrategy 确实同意了停止令,并承诺进行」重大「内部变更,以确保其在未来遵守证券法。此外,该公司的公司财务总监和会计经理同意对违反报告和记录保存的行为发出单独的停止令。

作为与美国证券交易委员会(SEC)和解协议的一部分,MicroStrategy 首席执行官迈克尔·塞勒(Michael Saylor)以及该公司首席运营官桑朱·班萨尔(Sanju Bansal)和马克·林奇(Mark Lynch)在今年早些时候辞去了数据分析软件开发商首席财务官的职务。

据美国证券交易委员会称,这三名高管没有承认或否认会计欺诈指控。但该委员会表示,他们同意每人支付 35 万美元的民事罚款,并「追缴」总计 1000 万美元,其中塞勒占 830 万美元。林奇还同意了一项命令,禁止他在至少三年内从事会计工作。

美国证券交易委员会(SEC)在 3 月份揭露 MicroStrategy 夸大了过去两年的收入和收益,需要重述财务业绩后启动了调查。

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What is $BITCOIN

DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): A Comprehensive Analysis Introduction to DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a blockchain-based project operating on the Solana network, which aims to combine the characteristics of traditional precious metals with the innovation of decentralized technologies. While it shares a name with Bitcoin, often referred to as “digital gold” due to its perception as a store of value, DIGITAL GOLD is a separate token designed to create a unique ecosystem within the Web3 landscape. Its goal is to position itself as a viable alternative digital asset, although specifics regarding its applications and functionalities are still developing. What is DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) is a cryptocurrency token explicitly designed for use on the Solana blockchain. In contrast to Bitcoin, which provides a widely recognized value storage role, this token appears to focus on broader applications and characteristics. Notable aspects include: Blockchain Infrastructure: The token is built on the Solana blockchain, known for its capacity to handle high-speed and low-cost transactions. Supply Dynamics: DIGITAL GOLD has a maximum supply capped at 100 quadrillion tokens (100P $BITCOIN), although details regarding its circulating supply are currently undisclosed. Utility: While precise functionalities are not explicitly outlined, there are indications that the token could be utilized for various applications, potentially involving decentralized applications (dApps) or asset tokenization strategies. Who is the Creator of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? At present, the identity of the creators and development team behind DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) remains unknown. This situation is typical among many innovative projects within the blockchain space, particularly those aligning with decentralized finance and meme coin phenomena. While such anonymity may foster a community-driven culture, it intensifies concerns about governance and accountability. Who are the Investors of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN)? The available information indicates that DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) does not have any known institutional backers or prominent venture capital investments. The project seems to operate on a peer-to-peer model focused on community support and adoption rather than traditional funding routes. Its activity and liquidity are primarily situated on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), such as PumpSwap, rather than established centralized trading platforms, further highlighting its grassroots approach. How DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) Works The operational mechanics of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) can be elaborated on based on its blockchain design and network attributes: Consensus Mechanism: By leveraging Solana’s unique proof-of-history (PoH) combined with a proof-of-stake (PoS) model, the project ensures efficient transaction validation contributing to the network's high performance. Tokenomics: While specific deflationary mechanisms have not been extensively detailed, the vast maximum token supply implies that it may cater to microtransactions or niche use cases that are still to be defined. Interoperability: There exists the potential for integration with Solana’s broader ecosystem, including various decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. However, the details regarding specific integrations remain unspecified. 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Note: This report encompasses synthesised information available as of October 2023, and developments may have transpired beyond the research period.

363 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

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