纽约时报:加密货币正在发动金融”政变”

比推Published on 2025-06-01Last updated on 2025-06-01

来源:The New York Times

作者:Dan Davies; Henry J. Farrell

原标题:Crypto Is a Threat to the U.S. Financial System

编译:BitpushNews Yanan


对美国加密货币利益集团而言,这周可谓收获颇丰。《天才法案》(Genius Act)在参议院获得通过,正式将"稳定币"这类加密货币合法化。更引人注目的是,特朗普总统周四为持有"特朗普"迷因币($Trump memecoin)数量排名前220位的投资者举办了一场私人晚宴。然而对美国整体而言,这绝非值得庆贺的一周。

所谓稳定币,是一种由美元等传统资产支撑的加密资产。特朗普家族通过其加密货币公司World Liberty Financial发行的USD1稳定币就是典型代表。这类数字货币若被用于政治利益输送,其危害已不容小觑。但更值得警惕的是,它们可能对美国主流金融体系造成的深层冲击——这种风险更为隐蔽,也更具破坏性。

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稳定币的支持者宣称,这类货币将巩固美国的金融霸权——特朗普更是直言,稳定币将"进一步扩大美元的全球主导地位"。

然而现实可能恰恰相反。这类数字货币不仅可能削弱美元的国际地位,还可能助长金融欺诈、规避制裁等行为,甚至引发系统性风险。更值得警惕的是,它们或许会为另一种货币取代美元成为全球贸易结算工具打开大门。

World Liberty Financial公司表示,其发行的稳定币将由短期美国国债、美元存款及其他现金等价物作为支撑。与美元作为全球金融体系基石的作用类似,稳定币试图为加密货币市场提供一个价值锚定标准——既避免了在受监管银行账户中兑换真实美元的成本,又绕过了传统金融体系的诸多限制。

加密货币利益集团正试图通过将稳定币纳入美国主流金融体系,打破加密市场与传统金融之间的边界。这种策略使得他们能够在两个截然不同的领域间自由切换:一边是高度波动的加密货币赌场(人们可以肆意炒作各种网络热梗币),另一边则是受到严格监管的传统金融市场(资产和银行账户受到美国证交会和联邦存款保险公司的保护)。

随着特朗普重返白宫,加密货币行业迎来了新的发展契机——但这并非特朗普一人的功劳。加密货币之所以能获得跨党派支持,既得益于政治行动委员会(PAC)的巨额资金投入,也归功于对加密货币持怀疑态度的政客接连失利。(2024年,加密货币行业豪掷4000万美元,最终成功阻击了俄亥俄州参议员、知名加密货币批评者谢罗德·布朗的连任竞选。)

稳定币的支持者认为,加密货币的繁荣将巩固美元的国际地位。作为《天才法案》联合提案人之一,纽约州民主党参议员克尔斯滕·吉利布兰德(Kirsten Gillibrand)警告称,美国正面临"在数字货币竞赛中落后"的风险。她特别指出:"我们眼睁睁看着欧洲和中国在数字货币领域布局落子,而特朗普政府却阻挠美联储推出数字美元的计划,这无疑会让我们进一步掉队。"

吉利布兰德主张,由于多数稳定币都以美元为锚定资产,通过加强监管和推广这类数字货币,反而能强化美元的全球主导地位。这一观点并非全无道理——美元之所以能称霸全球,正是得益于美国经济政治的稳定性及其建立的国际支付网络。这种优势地位使美国得以将全球金融体系的核心位置转化为战略武器:通过经济制裁,美国能够迫使国际金融机构在"服务不受美国欢迎的客户"与"进入美元主导的全球金融体系"之间作出抉择。

加密货币行业坚信,稳定币合法化将把当前这个鱼龙混杂的加密生态系统——需要特别指出的是,这个系统中的主力,也就是很多加密项目和交易所,其创设初衷就是为了规避甚至取代美元霸权及政府法定货币——正式纳入主流金融体系。

这一切对加密货币行业而言无疑是重大利好,却给全球金融稳定埋下了巨大隐患。只需看看加密爱好者们曾经的豪言壮语就可见一斑:特朗普任命的"人工智能与加密货币沙皇"大卫·萨克斯(David Sacks)曾公开期待比特币等加密货币能成为"新世界货币",让美国的金融霸权被私营部门的无序竞争所取代。

若加密货币成为主流金融工具,可能引发的混乱局面令人忧心。参议院银行委员会民主党幕僚指出,《天才法案》将允许美国交易所上线不受本土监管的离岸公司发行的稳定币。批评人士特别提到,目前流通的主要稳定币Tether(其运营主体在美国司法管辖范围之外)已被证实成为犯罪分子和制裁规避者的资金通道。更值得警惕的是,某些具有交易隐匿功能的"混币器服务"平台,已被指控协助朝鲜黑客洗钱数亿美元。

即便存在完善的监管框架,执法力度才是关键。美国司法部近期出台的政策令人费解——一方面承认哈马斯和ISIS等恐怖组织利用加密货币平台隐匿资金流动、逃避追查,另一方面却宣布对部分平台免于起诉。而臭名昭著的迷因币骗局(发行者收割公众资金后卷款跑路)在现任总统将其视为个人牟利工具的情况下,被追究法律责任的可能性更是微乎其微。

而对稳定币最根本的担忧,或许在于其可能引发的系统性金融风险。这种游走于传统金融体系边缘的特殊存在,带来了前所未有的监管难题。《天才法案》的制定者虽然提出要定期评估稳定币对金融稳定的影响,却刻意回避了一个核心问题:美国政府是否会为美元稳定币提供信用背书?

这个问题的关键在于:当某款稳定币面临崩盘或被证实存在欺诈时,政府是否要出手救助?若选择救助,可能让纳税人背负沉重债务——这正是"大而不能倒"的传统金融机构需要接受严格监管的根本原因。

但若拒绝救助,又将给国际美元体系带来新的系统性风险。当市场无法预判哪些机构会因连锁反应倒下、风险敞口有多大时,银行挤兑式的危机就可能爆发,最终导致整个金融体系陷入流动性枯竭。这也正是监管机构要求全球美元市场主要参与者保持高度透明度的根本原因。

以Tether公司为例,其首席执行官曾直言不讳地揭示了一个警示性场景:由于大型银行拒绝合作,欧洲的稳定币发行方不得不将资金存放在中小型银行。但若市场对这些银行托管的稳定币失去信心,出现20%持仓集中赎回的情况,这些中小银行将立即面临类似传统银行挤兑的危机。

届时,谁能阻止这种恐慌情绪向整个银行体系蔓延?这个角色必须由具备充足救助能力的机构来承担——而且必须动用真实的美元,而不是那些似是而非的加密货币。

这正解释了为何"美国是否应该支持美元稳定币"这个问题如此难以回答。也难怪有报道显示,多国正试图降低本国银行对美元融资的依赖程度。

国际社会将美国推动稳定币合法化的举措视为潜在威胁。一旦稳定币成为美国掌控的新型金融工具,华盛顿可能借此进一步渗透他国金融体系。更令人担忧的是,美元与加密货币的新型绑定关系,或将使非法资金流动达到史无前例的规模。

欧洲央行首席经济学家菲利普·莱恩警告称,对稳定币的依赖将导致金融活动从欧元体系向美元背书的私营加密货币转移,这将使欧洲在面对美国经济施压时更加脆弱。

作为欧盟"战略自主"计划(旨在减少对美依赖)的重要一环,欧洲央行正加速推进数字欧元建设。这一由公共部门主导的数字货币不仅将提供完整的替代支付网络,更将具备内建的隐私保护和安全机制——这与私营稳定币形成鲜明对比。

当前局势表明,稳定币非但未能如预期般通过"帮助美国追赶他国"来巩固美元霸权,反而正在促使各国加速摆脱美元体系的束缚。欧洲不仅正在构筑自身的金融防护网,更在谋划建立一个全新的全球替代方案——这个日渐失去信任的美国主导体系,正面临前所未有的挑战。

欧洲央行数字欧元项目负责人已开始探讨其"国际化应用前景",旨在打造一个"尊重各国主权、降低系统性风险、创造新发展机遇"的全新支付体系。

颇具讽刺意味的是,稳定币原本被寄望于借助美元信用来规范混乱的加密市场,如今却可能反过来将加密货币的乱象——加之特朗普政府的特殊政策导向——传导至美元主导的传统金融体系之中。这种反向渗透正在引发更深层次的系统性风险。


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