SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

Odaily星球日报Published on 2025-04-22Last updated on 2025-04-22

Abstract

Trump的第二任期即将满一百天,但与几个月前相比,地缘政治局势已经有了翻天覆地的变化。资产间的相关性正在瓦解,资本流动开始反向运行,Bitcoin(终于)开始与股票出现明显分歧。总统甚至扬言要把美联储主席当作《谁是接班人 / 学徒》的参赛者对待,美国大型捐赠基金则在行业最艰困的时刻大举抛售流动性不足的私募股权资产。我们是否已真正来到金融史上的一个关键转折点?

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

Trump 的第二任期即将满一百天,但与几个月前相比,地缘政治局势已经有了翻天覆地的变化。问题已不再是美国是否会与世界脱钩,而是会「如何」脱钩;而美国在美元作为全球储备货币体系中的「过度特权」(exorbitant privilege)也开始面临实质性的挑战。

资产间的相关性正在瓦解,资本流动开始反向运行,Bitcoin(终于)开始与股票出现明显分歧。总统甚至扬言要把美联储主席当作《谁是接班人 / 学徒》的参赛者对待,美国大型捐赠基金则在行业最艰困的时刻大举抛售流动性不足的私募股权资产。我们是否已真正来到金融史上的一个关键转折点?

美元避险资产

当下最受市场关注的问题之一——美元与美债是否已失去其长期以来的避险资产地位?Trump 是否对战后建立的全球安全与金融体系造成了无法挽回的结构性损害?

投资者正大幅撤出美元资产、转向欧元与日圆,同时也抛售美股,转而配置中国股票。市场对「美国例外论」终结的不确定性导致美元指数跌至三年低点,而密西根大学消费者信心指数也因通胀担忧加剧而降至近乎历史低点。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

外国投资者对美股的配置也大幅放缓,过去三个月 ETF 的资金流入几乎归零。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

同时,宏观资产相关性也正在瓦解,日元大幅升值(美元兑日元 ~ 140),但日经指数却不跌反升,表示这波日元升值不是典型的套利交易平仓所驱动,而是美元走弱的结果。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

而最重要的「已知的未知数」仍是美国国债, 10 年期美债收益率在美元、股市和基础经济走弱的背景下走升,这种走势看起来就像新兴市场。虽然我们不同意这种说法,但不可否认,当前美国金融形势正在收紧,而债券并未发挥其对冲风险的功能。在 Trump 当局的关税博弈降温之前,市场恐怕难以找到清晰的解法。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

过去六个月,外国投资者持续减码美债,各国央行可能正在抛售美元资产,以捍卫本国货币走势

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

尽管近期美股大幅回档,但相较于新兴市场及其他国际股市仍具显著溢价,其他市场自全球金融危机以来几乎毫无进展(就估值倍数而言)。鉴于贸易战不太可能让任何国家完全得利,我们不认为外国市场能够单靠自身表现缩小与美股的估值差距,在这样的情况下,若美股最终「向下修正」以缩小估值差距,意味著财富毁灭的结果,并非市场乐见的正面发展。市场应该谨慎以对,毕竟愿望成真未必是好事。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

贸易协议的不确定性

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

关税风波仍在继续,美国总统 Trump 一如往常在强硬威胁与即将达成协议之间摇摆不定。上周五他声称「对与欧盟达成贸易协议非常有信心……将与中国达成良好协议……每个人都在我的优先清单上」,一度推升风险资产反弹,但后续进展有限,因为首份贸易协议仍然遥遥无期。

我们仍认为,表面上的关税数字不如初步协议中所设下的「最低税率」重要,更令人担忧的是,美国至今仍无法与日本达成初步协议,这显示出谈判目标与范畴可能尚未明确。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

不过,继中国国家主席习近平访问东南亚后,美国也预计将于本周与日本、南韩、泰国与印度在 IMF 春季会议期间进行双边贸易会谈。据报导,英国亦有望于三周内与美国敲定协议。密切关注这几周是否能出现任何具体进展。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

《谁是接班人 / 学徒》第二季

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

「美联储主席 Jerome Powell  总是慢半拍且错误百出,昨天又发表了一份典型的『灾难』报告……我等不及要把他撤职了!」「美联储应该为了美国人民把利率降下来,这是他唯一能干的事……我对他很不满,如果我想让他下台,相信我,他很快就会走人。」

  -- Trump via Truth Social, 17 Apri l2 025 

「如果美联储主席知道自己在做什么,利率早该降下来了。他应该马上降息。」

-- Trump at the Oval Office on 19 Apri l2 025 

「物价像我预测的那样顺利下降,基本上几乎没有什么通胀,但若『慢半拍先生』不赶快降息,经济有可能就会放缓。欧洲都已经降息七次了。Powell 总是动作太慢,但是在选举期间帮 Biden 以及后来的贺锦丽的时候,他降息的动作可是很快的。」

-- Trump via Truth Social, 21 Apri l2 025 

尽管先前白宫曾声称愿意承受一定的经济阵痛以应对贸易战,Trump 却又回到了他熟悉的剧本,将矛头指向美联储,批评其未能更快降息。

虽然我们认同在金融形势放松的情况下压低长天期利率确实为明智之举,但在美元走软和进口成本拉动通胀的背景下,敦促美联储降息似乎没有任何好处。

市场似乎同意这一观点,SPX 指数周一下跌 2% ,而收益率再次走高,市场参与者显然不认同最新的威胁言论。

另一方面,美联储主席 Powell 对局势泰然处之,并采取专业应对,坚定维护美联储的独立性:

「美联储的独立性,在华盛顿及国会中得到广泛的理解与支持。」

「人们想说什么就说什么,没关系。这没问题,但我们的决策完全不受政治或其他外在因素干扰。」

-- Powell at the Economic Club of Chicago, 17 Apr 2025 

尽管如此,市场对经济放缓的担忧正在加剧,利率市场定价反映的年内降息次数远高于美联储的预测 ( 4 vs 2)。在这样的背景下,我们认为总统再对美联储施压并不明智,但回顾过去两个月,更出格的言论也不是没听过。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

经济放缓迫在眉睫

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

从某些指标来看,当前经济政策的不确定性已经达到有史以来的最高水平,甚至超过了疫情初期。这种不确定性导致企业前景大幅下滑,纽约联储制造业调查显示,商业活动预期已降至十多年来的最低水平。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

子指标也显示出类似的情况。前瞻性的出货与资本支出指标大幅下滑,而支付价格则明显上升。与此同时,企业盈利也持续遭到下修,盈利增长遭遇压缩,为股市蒙上了一层阴影。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

毒药丸(Poison Pill)

尽管市场一向习惯听从官员说法,但所谓的「Trump 2.0 交易」迄今为止堪称灾难,多数政策叙事最终都导致了显著的亏损。一张图胜过千言万语:

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。对于 Trump 的言论,市场在未来一段时间内恐怕不会轻易照单全收。

勇者还是炮灰?

虽然对冲基金在 2025 年因为遭遇重大亏损而忙于去杠杆、降低风险,散户投资者却反其道而行,过去两周杠杆型 Nasdaq ETF 出现破纪录的资金流入。

有充分的证据表明,在过去 5 年里,散户和被动资金的表现远远优于主动型资金和专业基金经理人,历史是否会再次重演,尽管目前看来令人怀疑?

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

在散户加码之际,相当一部分企业已下调盈利预期,SPX 指数的市场深度(流动性)已接近历史低点

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

黄金闪耀再现

黄金这波涨势几乎是一口气补上了过去十年的落后,自 2024 年初以来现货价格已上涨约 150% ,随著投资者在这个颠倒的世界中寻求资本避风港,近期黄金更是呈现垂直拉升的势头。

讽刺的是,Trump 总统近日在社群媒体上发表了一则寓意深长的评论:「拥有黄金的人,才能制定规则」,可能指的是他的谈判策略,进一步将黄金现货价格推高至 3, 400 以上的新高。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

此外,数据显示这波金价上涨主要发生在亚洲时段,表明可能有来自官方或央行的资金流,正在从美元转向其他避险资产。与过往相比,美元的脱钩现象似乎更加明显。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

BTC 叙事重启 - 不再只是 Nasdaq,但还不是黄金

与美元脱钩可能会使 BTC 作为价值储存手段的长期多头叙事再度被市场关注。尽管我们过去一年也曾批评 BTC 越来越像一个高杠杆版的 Nasdaq 指数,但近期它终于开始展现出与股市脱钩的迹象。上周美股整体表现疲弱,但 BTC 价格仍逼近 9 万美元区间。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

当然,我们也不能过于乐观。从年初至今,BTC 的表现仍明显落后于现货黄金,因此目前最多只能说它正逐步演变成黄金与杠杆 Nasdaq 的混合体,不过这样的发展也已胜过「TQQQ 的美化版」这样的定位。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

JPM 数据显示,近期黄金期货仓位大幅增加,而 BTC 的资金流则停滞不前。若要真正兑现 BTC 作为避险资产的前景,市场仍需观察资金是否会重新回流。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

美国捐赠基金的小幅冲击

除了在国际上发出威胁之外,Trump 政府近期也在国内与美国捐赠基金展开角力,其中以哈佛为代表,这可能会对市场流动性产生负面影响。

有报导指出,耶鲁大学的捐赠基金将出售约 60 亿美元的私募股权部位,而这正值私募市场流动性陷入历史低点、投资回报疲弱的艰难阶段。

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

非美观察者可能没有意识到美国捐赠基金体系的规模和重要性,这些基金历来是资本市场中最具影响力的「永久」持有者之一。持续的政治斗争是否将导致其投资放缓,甚至改变其资本配置结构?与 Trump 政府打交道,生活永远不会无聊。时代确实正在改变…

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

祝各位本周交易顺利!

SignalPlus宏观分析特别版:The Times They Are a-Changin'

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