以太坊Pectra震撼来袭:重塑区块链未来的超级升级!

marsbitPublished on 2025-04-19Last updated on 2025-04-20

质押关键要点:

  • Pectra 是以太坊的下一个重大升级,涉及执行层(Prague)和共识层(Electra)的变化,计划于 2 月和 3 月在测试网上线,主网预计于 4 月激活。
  • 该升级为质押、Layer-2 可扩展性和用户体验(UX)带来了关键改进,为未来的变化奠定了基础。
  • 主要变化包括提高验证者质押上限、灵活的质押提款、账户抽象的增强以及增加 blob 吞吐量,有助于提高网络效率和安全性。

引言

在“合并”(The Merge)后的近 29 个月、“Shapella”后的 22 个月以及“Dencun”后的 11 个月,以太坊迎来了下一个重大升级——Pectra 硬分叉。作为最大的权益证明(PoS)区块链,以太坊锁定了约 900 亿美元的 ETH 质押、超过 1350 亿美元的稳定币以及约 40 亿美元的代币化资产,通过逐步升级持续发展。

Pectra 将成为以太坊历史上包含以太坊改进提案(EIP)数量最多的硬分叉。在去年 Dencun 升级的基础上,Pectra 引入了改善用户体验(UX)、验证者操作以及进一步扩展 Layer-2 的功能,表明其对以太坊利益相关者的广泛影响。在本周 Coin Metrics 的《网络状态》报告中,我们将详细解析 Pectra 的关键变化及其对用户、利益相关者和投资者的意义,预计主网将于 4 月初激活。


什么是 Pectra,为什么重要?

与之前的以太坊升级类似,Pectra 对执行层(EL)和共识层(CL)都进行了更改。其名称反映了这一双重焦点:“Prague”以 Devcon 4 的举办城市命名,代表执行层升级;“Electra”则是天琴座中的一颗星星,象征共识层升级。

Pectra 最初被设想为一项雄心勃勃的升级,计划包含多达 20 个以太坊改进提案(EIP)。但随着开发的深入,为更好地优化和管理其复杂性,升级被分为两个阶段。目前,Pectra 已进入最后阶段,计划于 2 月和 3 月在以太坊测试网上线,随后于 4 月初在主网激活。

在深入探讨各个 EIP 之前,了解 Pectra 的总体目标非常重要,我们将其归纳为质押与验证者动态、用户体验(UX)和 Layer-2 扩展。


验证者与质押改进

有三个主要的 EIP 旨在改善以太坊权益证明(PoS)系统中验证者操作的体验:

EIP-7251:提高最大有效余额

以太坊当前的质押设计将验证者的有效余额限制为 32 ETH,这意味着独立质押者必须以 32 ETH 的固定增量进行质押,这是单个验证者可质押的最大金额。超出这一限额的奖励不会计入其活跃质押。EIP-7251 将最大有效余额(MaxEB)提高到 2048 ETH,意味着单个验证者现在可以在 32 ETH 至 2048 ETH 之间质押。预计这将:

  • 提高质押灵活性:质押者现在可以对整个余额进行复利奖励,而不再局限于 32 ETH 的倍数。例如,拥有 33 ETH 的验证者可以将全部 33 ETH 计入奖励,提高资本效率和质押操作的灵活性。
  • 降低验证者数量:以太坊目前在共识层有 105 万个活跃验证者。此 EIP 将允许大型运营商整合其验证者,预计将减少验证者数量,减轻因验证者数量庞大而产生的网络开销。
  • 降低网络负载:虽然高验证者数量增强了去中心化,但也增加了带宽和计算需求。提高 MaxEB 能使验证者集合更高效,减少点对点通信开销。

质押

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro


EIP-7002:执行层触发提款

此 EIP 扩展了验证者的功能,与上述 EIP 相辅相成。EIP-7002 使验证者能够通过其执行层(0x01)提款凭证直接发起退出和部分提款。验证者拥有两个密钥:用于执行验证者职责的活跃密钥和用于访问及管理质押资金的提款密钥。此前,只有活跃密钥可以触发退出。现在,提款凭证地址也可以发起退出,允许更大规模的提款并减少对节点运营商的依赖。这一变化增强了验证者对资金的控制,并支持完全无信任的质押池,提高了安全性和去中心化。

EIP-6110:在链上提供验证者存款

EIP-6110 通过改进以太坊执行层(EL)和共识层(CL)之间的存款处理流程,简化了验证者加入流程。目前,当新验证者在执行层(EL)存款时,需等待共识层(CL)识别并处理后才能激活,导致延迟。EIP-6110 允许执行层直接向共识层传递验证者存款信息,消除了额外的验证过程,将激活延迟从约 9 小时缩短至约 13 分钟。


扩展 Blob 和 Layer-2

EIP-7691:增加 Blob 吞吐量

除了验证者的改进,Pectra 还为以太坊的数据可用性和扩展性带来了关键变化。去年的 Dencun 升级引入了 blob 作为存储 Layer-2 rollup 数据的新高效方式。Blob 现已被以太坊 Layer-2 广泛采用,平均每天发布 21,000 个 blob。然而,blob 使用量持续达到容量上限,导致费用上升和吞吐量受限。

质押

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data ProBlob Metrics

网络当前目标是每块平均 3 个 blob,最大 6 个。EIP-7691 将目标提高到 6 个,最大值提高到 9 个,增加数据存储容量,从而提高吞吐量和可扩展性。数据存储成本将降低,Layer-2 的 blob 费用将更便宜,进而降低终端用户的交易费用。

EIP-7623:提高 calldata 成本,是另一个与 blob 采用相辅相成的 EIP。在引入 blob 之前,Layer-2 使用 calldata 在以太坊上存储数据,有时仍因成本效益而使用 calldata。通过提高 calldata 成本,此变化可激励 Layer-2 专门使用 blobspace,使 rollup 交易更高效。


用户体验(UX)增强

EIP-7702:设置 EOA 账户代码

EIP-7702 是一个备受期待的变化,因为它使以太坊更接近账户抽象。预计它将极大改善用户体验(UX)和钱包功能,允许外部拥有账户(EOA,即用户钱包)临时作为智能合约钱包运行。这使它们能够执行类似于智能合约的逻辑,为用户提供更大灵活性,为钱包和应用程序提供可编程性。

在 Pectra 之后,用户和开发者可以利用 EIP-7702 实现:

  • 打包交易:将多个交易或用户操作打包成单个交易(例如,在单个交易中批准和交换代币)。
  • 无 gas 交易:允许账户 X 代表账户 Y 支付交易费用,或“支付者合约”为用户支付 gas 费用。
  • 条件或赞助交易:根据设定条件实现支出控制、自动化操作或赞助交易。

虽然我们介绍了 Pectra 中最具影响力的变化,但其他几个 EIP 也为网络改进做出了贡献,包括 EIP-2513、EIP-2935、EIP-7549、EIP-7865 和 EIP-7840,均专注于优化效率和减少网络资源消耗。


结论

以太坊再次为一次重大升级做准备,这次包含创纪录数量的 EIP。Pectra 旨在增强以太坊最迫切的优先事项,包括向账户抽象的过渡、改进验证者操作、提高网络效率以及逐步扩展 Layer-2 blob 使用。同时,正如 Vitalik Buterin 在最近的博客文章中强调的,尽管以 rollup 为中心的路线图,以太坊仍在扩展 Layer-1。最近将 gas 限额提高到 3600 万,预计进一步扩展将增强抗审查能力、吞吐量和可扩展性。

虽然 Pectra 的变化主要是技术性的,但许多人可能想知道它们如何影响 ETH 的估值。历史上,ETH 在之前的升级前后价格有明显波动,但市场情绪——包括加密市场和更广泛的金融市场——往往比以太坊经济直接变化影响更大。尽管如此,Pectra 有望推动以太坊的采用,随着我们迈过这一升级,我们将重新审视其对关键网络指标、生态系统利益相关者和 ETH 作为资产的影响。


网络数据洞察

质押

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro

过去一周,比特币活跃地址减少了 4%,而以太坊和 Solana 活跃地址增加了 6%。以太坊上的 USDC 市值增长了 2.7%,达到 370 亿美元,而以太坊上的 PayPal USD 市值增长了 15%,创下 4.98 亿美元的纪录。

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